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chapter 11
Motivation
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Motivation | the urge to move towards one’s goals, to accomplish a task |
| Needs | inherently biological states of deficiency (cellular or bodily) that compel drives |
| Drives | The perceived states of tension that occur when our bodies are deficient in some need, creating an urge to relieve the tension |
| Incentive | Any external object or event that motivates behavior |
| Homeostasis | The process by which all organisms work to maintain psychological equilibrium, or balance around an optimal set point |
| set point | The ideal fixed setting of a particular psychological system, such as internal body temperature |
| Yerkes-Dodson law | The principle that moderate levels of arousal lead to optimal performance |
| Self actualization | The inherent drive to realize one’s full potential |
| Glucose | A simple sugar that provides energy for cells throughout the body, including the brain |
| Anorexia nervosa | An eating disorder in which people cannot maintain 85% of their body weight for their height, have an intense fear of eating, and have a distorted body image |
| Bulimia nervosa | An eating disorder characterized by binge eating and perceived lack of control during the eating session |
| Sexual Behavior | Actions that produce arousal and increase the likelihood of organism |
| Sexual orientation | refers to a person’s inherent romantic, emotional or sexual attraction to other people- whether same sex, opposite sex, or both |
| Achievement motivation | A desire to do things well and overcome obstacles |
| Extrinsic motivation | Motivation that comes from outside the person and usually involves rewards or praises |
| Intrinsic Motivation | Motivation that comes from within a person and includes the elements of challenge, enjoyment, mastery, and autonomy |
| Perceived organizational support | Employees have a belief about how much the organizational appreciates and supports their contributions and well-being |
| Emotions | brief, acute changes in conscious experience and physiology that occur in response to a personally meaningful situation |
| Mood | Affective states that operate the background of consciousness and tend to last longer than most emotions |
| Affective traits | Stable predispositions towards certain types of emotional responses |
| Basic Emotions | The set of emotions that are common to all humans; includes anger, disgust, fear, happiness, sadness, and surprise |
| Broaden-and-build model | Fredisckson’s model for positive emotions, which posits that they help widen our perspective and acquire useful skills |
| Self-conscious emotions | Types of emotions that require a sense of self and and the ability to reflect on one’s actions; they occur as a function of meeting our expectations (or not) and abiding (or not) by society’s rules |
| Appraisal | The evaluation of a situation with respect to how relevant it is to one’s own welfare; the process by which emotions are elicited |
| Emotion regulation | the cognitive and behavioral efforts that people make to modify their emotions |
| Reappraisal | An emotion regulation strategy in which one reevaluates an event; so that a different emotion results |
| Expressive suppression | A response focused strategy for regulating emotions that involves the deliberate attempt to inhibit the outward manifestation of an emotion |
| Emotional response | the psychical, behavior, expressive and subjective changes that occur when emotions are generated |
| Universal | Common to all human beings and seen in cultures all over the world |
| Facial action coding system (FACS) | A widely used method for measuring all observable muscle movements possible in the human face |
| Duchenne Smile | A smile that shows true happiness; Involves both muscles pulling the corners of the lips and contracting the muscle band around the eyes |
| Subjective experience of emotions | The changes in the quality of our conscious experience that occur during emotional responses |
| James-Lange theory of emotion | The idea that it is the perception of physiological changes that accompany emotions that produces the subjective emotional experience |
| Facial Feedback hypothesis | Sensory feedback from the facial musculature during expression affects emotional experience |
| Neocultural theory of emotion | Ekman’s explanation that some aspects of emotion, such as facial expressions and physiological changes associated with emotion, are universal and others, such as emotional regulation, are culturally derived |
| Display rules | Learned norms or rules often taught very early, About when it is appropriate to express certain emotions and to whom one should express them |
| Emotional intelligence | The ability to recognize emotions in oneself and others, empathetic understanding, and skills for regulating emotions in oneself and others |
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LE0N*
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