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Modules 55-59
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| defense mechanisms | in psychoanalytic theory, the ego's protective methods of reducing anxiety by unconsciously distorting reality |
| ego | the largely conscious, "executive" part of personality that, according to Freud, mediates among the demands of the id, superego, and reality. Operates on the reality principle |
| fixation | according to Freud, a lingering focus of pleasure-seeking energies at an earlier psychosexual stage, in which conflicts were unresolved |
| free association | in psychoanalysis, a method of exploring the unconscious in which the person relaxes and says whatever comes to mind, no matter how trivial or embarrassing |
| id | a reservoir of unconscious psychic energy that, according to Freud, strives to satisfy basic sexual and aggressive drives. The id operates on the pleasure principle, demanding immediate gratification |
| identification | the process by which, according to Freud, children incorporate their parents' values into their developing superegos |
| Oedipus complex | according to Freud, a boy's sexual desires toward his mother and feelings of jealousy and hatred for the rival father |
| personality | an individual's characteristic pattern of thinking, feeling, and acting |
| psychoanalysis | Sigmund Freud's theory of personality that attributes thoughts and actions to unconscious motives and conflicts; the techniques used in treating psychological disorders by seeking to expose and interpret unconscious tensions |
| psychosexual stages | the childhood stages of development (oral, anal, phallic, latency, genital) during which, according to Freud, the id's pleasure-seeking energies focus on distinct erogenous zones |
| repression | n psychoanalytic theory, the basic defense mechanism that banishes from consciousness anxiety-arousing thoughts, feelings, and memories |
| superego | the part of personality that, according to Freud, represents internalized ideals and provides standards for judgment (the conscience) and for future aspirations |
| unconscious | according to Freud, a reservoir of mostly unacceptable thoughts, wishes, feelings, and memories. According to contemporary psychologists, information processing of which we are unaware. |
| collective unconscious | Carl Jung's concept of a shared, inherited reservoir of memory traces from our species' history. |
| false consensus effect | the tendency to overestimate the extent to which others share our beliefs and our behaviors |
| projective test | a personality test, such as the Rorschach, that provides ambiguous stimuli designed to trigger projection of one's inner dynamics |
| psychodynamic theories | modern-day approaches that view personality with a focus on the unconscious and the importance of childhood experiences |
| Rorschach inkblot test | the most widely used projective test, a set of 10 inkblots, designed by Hermann Rorschach; seeks to identify people's inner feelings by analyzing their interpretations of the blots |
| terror-management theory | a theory of death-related anxiety; explores people's emotional and behavioral responses to reminders of their impending death |
| Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) | a projective test in which people express their inner feelings and interests through the stories they make up about ambiguous scenes |
| humanistic theories | view personality with a focus on the potential for healthy personal growth |
| self-actualization | according to Maslow, one of the ultimate psychological needs that arises after basic physical and psychological needs are met and self-esteem is achieved; the motivation to fulfill one's potential |
| self-concept | all our thoughts and feelings about ourselves, in answer to the question, "Who am I?" |
| unconditional positive regard | a caring, accepting, nonjudgmental attitude, which Carl Rogers believed would help clients to develop self-awareness and self-acceptance |
| empirically derived test | a test (such as the MMPI) developed by testing a pool of items and then selecting those that discriminate between groups |
| Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMP) | the most widely researched and clinically used of all personality tests. Originally developed to identify emotional disorders (still considered its most appropriate use), this test is now used for many other screening purposes |
| personality inventory | a questionnaire (often with true-false or agree-disagree items) on which people respond to items designed to gauge a wide range of feelings and behaviors; used to assess selected personality traits |
| trait | a characteristic pattern of behavior or a disposition to feel and act, as assessed by self-report inventories and peer reports |
| behavioral approach | in personality theory, this perspective focuses on the effects of learning on our personality development |
| collectivism | giving priority to the goals of one's group (often one's extended family or work group) and defining one's identity accordingly |
| individualism | giving priority to one's own goals over group goals and defining one's identity in terms of personal attributes rather than group identifications |
| narcissism | excessive self-love and self-absorption |
| positive psychology | the scientific study of human functioning, with the goals of discovering and promoting strengths and virtues that help individuals and communities to thrive |
| reciprocal determinism | the interacting influences of behavior, internal cognition, and environment |
| self | in contemporary psychology, assumed to be the center of personality, the organizer of our thoughts, feelings, and actions |
| self-efficacy | one's sense of competence and effectiveness |
| self-esteem | one's feelings of high or low self-worth |
| self-serving bias | a readiness to perceive oneself favorably. |
| self-cognitive perspective | views behavior as influenced by the interaction between people's traits (including their thinking) and their social context. |
| spotlight effect | overestimating others' noticing and evaluating our appearance, performance, and blunders (as if we presume a spotlight shines on us). |
Created by:
margaret_05
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