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PSYC 360 Exam 1
KU - Molina
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Disposition | Internal factors such as beliefs, values, personality traits, or abilities that guide a person's behavior |
| Fundamental Attribution Error | Cognitive bias in which people have a tendency to over-emphasize dispositional/personality explanations for behavior and under-emphasize situational explanations |
| Schema | Generalized knowledge about the physical and social world based on past experiences or gained knowledge -Stereotypes (ex) |
| Social Psychology | The scientific study of feelings, thoughts, and behaviors of individuals in social situations |
| Automatic processing | Non-conscious processing, usually based on emotional factors. More efficient form of processing (parallel operation) |
| Controlled processing | Conscious and systematic processing, controlled more by deliberative thought |
| Construal | One's interpretation of or inference about the stimuli or situations that one confronts |
| Independent cultures | -Conception of the self as distinct from others, with attributes that are constant -Insistence on ability to act on one's own -Need for individual distinctiveness -Achieve status based on accomplishments -Governing rules should apply to everyone |
| Interdependent cultures | -Conception of self as linked with others, w attributes depending on situation -Collective action -Harmonious relations within groups -Hierarchy based on age, group membership, and other attributes -Rules w context and relationships in mind |
| Milgram Study | 1963, Famous study on role of social influence using administration of shocks. Found a significant number of participants would give a deadly voltage of shock during the experiment because of the feelings of authority they received from the experimenters |
| Samaritan Study | Darley & Batson 1973, Famous study where religious Ps believed they were to be delivering a Good Samaritan speech to an audience, tested on whether they would help someone in need on the way to the talk. Found yes in early & on time, no in late |
| Hindsight bias | Tendency to believe that you could have predicted some outcome you've learned |
| Confirmation bias | Tendency to interpret new evidence as confirmation of existing beliefs and theories and ignore evidence against said beliefs and theories |
| Reliability | Degree to which a measure gives consistent results when repeated |
| Validity | Degree to which something measures what it is supposed to measure |
| Basic science | Type of science that focuses on trying to understand a phenomenon in its own right, rather than trying to solve a problem. -Uses findings to build theories about the nature of the world |
| Applied science | Type of science that focuses on trying to solve real-world problems |
| Standards of the IRB | -No substantial harm to the individual is done, and any risks are outweighed by benefits of science -There is informed consent -In the case of deception, the deception is only done if absolutely necessary, and involves debriefing at the end of the study |
| Introspection | Looking "inward" to define the self |
| Limits of introspection | -People don't look inward very often -We may not have good access to what we think and feel -Affective forecasting is usually not as accurate as we think it is |
| Affective forecasting | Tendency to predict how we will feel following good/bad events |
| Situationism | Idea that traits and behaviors are based on the situations |
| Working self-concept | Self-concept is affected by situations and is both very fluid and very dependent on where the individual is |
| Self-esteem | Overall positive or negative evaluation people have of themselves |
| Trait self-esteem | Person's enduring level of self-regard across time that is fairly stable |
| State self-esteem | The dynamic, changeable self-evaluations a person experiences as momentary feelings about the self |
| Contingencies of self-worth | -Self-worth is contingent on successes and failures in domains on which people have based self-worth -It is wise to define self-worth from many different fields |
| Sociometer Hypothesis | States that self-esteem is an internal, subjective index of how well we're regarded by others and how likely we are to be included or excluded by them |
| Self-enhancement | Method of comparison: Maintain, increase, or protect one's positive self-views |
| Self-affirmation theory | The idea that people can maintain an overall sense of self-worth following psychologically threatening information by affirming a valued aspect of themselves unrelated to the threat |
| Self-Evaluation Maintenance Theory | Tesser, 1988. Theory that people will be happy about the success of others if the performance domain is irrelevant to them, but will feel resentment or jealousy if the performance domain is relevant |
| Self-verification theory | Idea that people want others to see them as they see themselves and will take active steps to ensure that others perceive them in ways that confirm their stable self-views |
| Social comparison theory | Theory that we have a basic drive to evaluate our opinions and abilities |
| Self-regulation | Processes by which people initiate, alter, and control behavior in pursuit of their goals |
| Self-presentation | Act of presenting the person we would like others to believe we are |
| Self-handicapping | Creating obstacles for ourselves to protect from the self from negative attributions |
| Independent view of self | Found in individualistic cultures. Focus on status promotions and recognition based upon individual accomplishments |
| Interdependent view of self | Found in collectivist cultures. The members see themselves connected to a group and its members |
| Social cognition | How people think about the social world and the past, understand the present, and predict the future |
| Pluralistic ignorance | Phenomenon which occurs when people mistakenly believe that everyone else holds a different opinion than their own |
| Self-fulfilling prophecy | Initially incorrect expectations about people guide how you'll feel about them and behave towards them |
| Representativeness heuristic | When we try to categorize something by judging how similar it is to our conception of the typical member of the category |
| Availability heuristic | When we judge the frequency or probability of some event by how readily pertinent events come to mind |
| Bottom-up processing | Taking in relevant stimuli as they come |
| Top-down processing | Filtering/interpreting stimuli in light of preexisting knowledge |
| Influence of schemas on attention | We can't focus on all information that comes to us, and while we direct relevant information to where it needs to go, we miss other information |
| Influence of schemas on construal | Help interpret and construe information taken in |
| Influence of schemas on memory | May increase memory for information consistent with what we already expect |
| Influence of schemas on behavior | Expectations can guide our behavior |
| Heuristics | Simple "rules of thumb" or mental shortcuts used to make decisions or draw inferences quickly and with minimal effort |
| Planning fallacy | Cognitive bias that describes people's tendency to underestimate the amount of time, costs, and risks of future actions while overestimating the benefits of those actions |
| Base rate information | The naturally occurring frequency of a phenomenon in a population |
| Scripts | Event schemas |
| Hits and Misses TED Talk | Presentation on how the human brain is wired to find connections, even if they don't exist. Predictions can be either confirmed or not confirmed. Tendency to focus on successful confirmation and ignore unsuccessful |
| "Giving the Finger" demonstration | Class demonstration about the tendency of conformation to authority. Presents a cognitive dissonance and shows a tendency to look to others in ambiguous situations. Shows diffusion of responsibility |
| 5 hypotheses of PSYC 360- Situations are powerful | Situations have an influence on behaviors, thoughts, and feelings. We are often unaware of their power on us and others and of how situational factors influence perception of others. The history of situations shape experience and reactions today |
| 5 hypotheses of PSYC 360- We often don't know why people do the things we do | We are often inaccurate about why we ourselves do the things we do. We can introspect, but many times it is more constructing stories after the effect. Conscious experience is constructed and is not always accurate |
| 5 hypotheses of PSYC 360- We often don't know what we don't know | We are built not to know what we don't know. We often don't know bias in our judgements because they are made automatically |
| 5 hypotheses of PSYC 360- It is amazing that we are as accurate as we are about why people do what they do and about what kind of people they are | Judgements can be accurate because they're made automatically |
| 5 hypotheses of PSYC 360- People have fundamental social motivations | People want to be liked and have a need to belong. People want to be accurate and consistent, and will rationalize and justify quite a bit to match that desire |
| Triplett experiment (1988) | First time social behavior was systematically studied in a lab. Experiment in which children in a lab reel fishing line in as fast as possible. Time to reel was measured in individual and group condition. Found faster in group condition. |
| Why humans are difficult to study | Humans care about others' opinions, are natural hypothesizers, and sometimes need deception |
| Ultimate Irony in social science research | To get the truth, we use a process of experimentation that allows lies and deception |
| "Sins" of omission | Giving participants a glimpse behind the curtain but don't open it fully, which arguably gives power |
| "Sins" of comission | Lying to participants, as found in the Milgram Study |
| "Who Am I" class demonstration | Demo: Americans tend to define themselves with context-free responses referring to personality traits and personality preferences. Interdependent cultures tend to define themselves in contextual terms of relationships with other people or groups |
| "Beeper" Study, 1982 | Study related to introspection. Found people don't look inward very often. |
| Mr. Dirty vs. Mr. Clean study, 1970 | Study measuring confidence in the presence of social comparison. Found participants rated their confidence higher when comparing to someone they believed was less than them and lower when comparing to someone better |
| 3 motives to comparison | self-evaluation, self-enhancement, self-improvement |
| Self-evaluation | Method of comparison: Where you stand |
| Self-improvement | Method of comparison: Want to better oneself |
| Basking in respective glory (BIRGing) | Idea that people will associate themselves with something if it shows success but not if the association is not positive |
| Shoot Don't Shoot Paradigm | Stroop effect to measure racial bias on police officer decisions. Found participants were more likely to mistakenly shoot black targets than white targets |
Created by:
keelyaenglish
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