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Psychology Quiz 3
Research Methodology
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| What is Research Methodology? | The design or plan for research. Depends on which theory is being used. |
| What are some characteristics of the Research Methodology? | Psychodynamic: looking at the brain and nervous system. Impacts conclusions drawn: the way we state outcomes (words we use) are going to be different. Example: when advertisements claim their product is "better than" another. Appearance vs Reality |
| Define stimuli. | Affects on one or more of your senses. |
| Define variables. | Any factor that you're interested in. Example: behaviors and mental processes: attention, avoidance. |
| What is Step One in the Psychological Process (Reminds you of the Scientific Method)? | Step 1: Provide an operational definition: a SPECIFIC description of your variable. |
| Does your research have to be able to be duplicated? | YES |
| Define population. | All members of a group. |
| When it comes to conducting research on a population, what must you have before continuing your operation? | CONSENT of the participators. |
| What is a sample? | A subset of a population. You want your sample to be representative (same characteristics of the population). |
| Define Randomization. | Within the study, there is some level of arbitrary decisions. "At chance." Equalizes the playing field. Our outcomes aren't related to something we specifically did. Example: flipping a coin. |
| Non-Experimental Design Research | |
| Define the Correlation Method | The association between two variables. Requires descriptive information and is a STATISTICAL MEASURE. Example: eating good foods is ASSOCIATED with good health. |
| What is the correlation coefficient? | A number or outcome that is between 0-1. The closer to zero, the less RELATED the variables are and vice versa with one. There will never be a perfect association. |
| What are the three levels of correlation coefficient? | 1. greater than or equal to 0.10 is SMALL (WEAK) 2. greater than or equal to 0.30 is MODERATE 3. greater than or equal to 0.50 is LARGE (STRONG) An example would be gratitude and happiness. |
| What are the types of association? | How the variable are associated. + or - signs. |
| What is a positive correlation? | If variable one increases, variable two increases. If variable one decreases, variable two decreases. |
| What is a negative correlation? | Variables move in opposite directions. (Increase leads to decrease). |
| More on correlation. | Correlation is predictive. Correlation is not causation. |
| More examples of correlation. | When shown in a sentence: 4/5 people, uses word ASSOCIATED, uses percentages. |
| Conclusion of Non-Experimental Methods | They are descriptive and involve correlation. ADVANTAGES: ethical (could reduce bias) DISADVANTAGES: you aren't gaining any cause/effect knowledge. |
| Experimental Design Research | |
| Example: Gratitude (Independent Variable) CAUSES happiness (Dependent Variable). | Experimental research is directional, specific and causal. The goal of experimental designs are to draw causal conclusions. Example: 'x' leads to 'y' & the effect of 'x' on 'y' |
| What does causal knowledge rely on? | Randomization: RANDOM SAMPLE AND RANDOM ASSIGNMENT. |
| Why is randomization important? | It increases the likelihood that the sample is representative. Example: Taking a group full of babies from the hospital room and looking at their home life and experiences they will/have had. It decreases the likelihood of differences, |
| What is manipulation? | The systematic change to one or more variables. |
| Define control. | Holding other variable constant. We don't want them to have an impact on the outcome. |
| Why, when used in a sentence, is the timing (order of the variables) important? | Example: The effect of gratitude on happiness." THE X MUST OCCUR BEFORE THE Y OCCURS. |
| What is the operational definition of variables? | SPECIFIC NAMES that tell you about their purpose. |
| Independent Variable (IV) | Systematically changing variable, unaffected by others, but should create or cause change (be manipulated). Leads to a particular outcome. Example: Gratitude (IV): write down three things in the morning, then 3 things in the morning and at night. |
| Dependent Variable (DV) | Is measured (the outcome). SHOULD rely on the independent variable. Example: giving out a survey assessing happiness for both AM and then AM and PM journalists. Looking to find optimism, positivity, smiling, laughing. |
| More on the design of Experimental Research | Groups will be experiencing different variables. You have to have at least one experimental group that is exposed to the independent variable. |
| What is the Control Group? | The control group is not exposed to the independent variable. Often times they display behaviors that are a comparable experience or are due to a placebo. Example: having a group of people journaling, but not specifically focused on gratitude. |
| What is a placebo? | A placebo is a fake independent variable. It is often a stimulant in pill form. This group of people have to be comparable to the people actually being exposed to the independent variable. EVERYONE is measured in the dependent variable. |
| What is the placebo effect? | The placebo effect is having an expectation, which influences the outcome. In essence, people fake the outcome/results. |
| How do you finish/conclude your experimental research? | You have to compare dependent variables across both the experimental and control groups (comparing outcomes). If change occurred in both groups, that are the same outcome, you DON'T HAVE evidence for the independent variable. |
| What is between-groups comparison? | When you divide your sample across your groups (the different participants). Randomly assigning to groups sharing similar characteristics. |
| Why do we do these experiments so randomly? | In essence, so we get a ballpark solution. Individuals will have different experiences, but all will be making, hopefully, similar statements. |
| What is within-groups comparison? | The SAME PARTICIPANTS in each group, each having ALL POSSIBLE EXPERIENCES. Repeated exposure to experiment (no expectations). Randomize order of exposure, minimizes the placebo effect. In the end you have before and afters.' |
| The Process behind Experimental Design ***Reminds you a LOT of the Scientific Method | 1. Form a testable hypothesis that we can gather evidence to support. 2. Manipulate your IV's Also controlling other variables (location, wardrobe, etc) 3. Collect data: DV 4. Analyze Data: change in DV across two groups 5. Conclusion: IV caused DV |
Created by:
ldunlap4
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