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u3 vocab
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| biological psych | links between biological (genetic, neural, hormonal) and psychological processes |
| neuron | nerve cell, basic building block |
| dendrites | branching extensions that receive messages and conduct impulses toward cell body |
| axon | neuron extension that passes messages through its branches to other |
| myelin sheath | encasing around the axons of some neurons, greater transmission speed |
| action terminal | neural impulse; brief electric charge that travels down a axon |
| refractory period | period of inactivity after a neuron has fired |
| threshold | level of stimulation required to trigger a neural impulse |
| all or none response | neuron’s reaction of either firing (w/ full strength) or not |
| synapse | junction between the axon tip of sending neuron and dendrite |
| neurotransmitters | chemical messengers that cross the synapse gaps between neurons- influence whether that neurons will generate a neural impulse |
| re-uptake | neurotransmitter’s reabsorption by the sending neuron |
| endorphins | “morphine within” natural opiate, like neurotransmitters linked to pain control and to pleasure |
| agonist | molecule that by binding to a receptor site, inhibits or blocks a response |
| nervous system | body’s speedy, electro-chemical communication network, all nerve cells of PNS and CNS |
| CNS- central nervous system | brain and spinal cord |
| PNS- peripheral nervous system | sensory and motor neurons that connect the CNS to the rest of the body |
| nerves | bundled axons that form neural “cables” connecting CNS w/ organs, glands, muscles |
| sensory (afferent) neurons | incoming info from glands and muscles to brain and spinal cord |
| motor (efferent) neurons | outgoing info from brain and spinal cord to muscles and glands |
| interneurons | neurons within the brain and spinal cord that communicate internally and intervened between the sensory inputs and motor outputs |
| somatic nervous system | controls the skeletal muscles, skeletal nervous system |
| automatic nervous system | controls glands and muscles of internal organs, calms |
| sympathetic nervous system | mobilize energy in stressful situations (ANS) part of (PNS) |
| para-sympathetic nervous system | calms the body, conserving energy (ANS) part of (PNS) |
| reflex | automatic response to sensory stimulus |
| endocrine system | “slow” chemical communication system, sends hormones into the blood stream |
| hormones | chemical messenger manufactured by IG, travel through blood |
| adrenal glands | above kidneys, secrete hormones that help arose the body in stress |
| pituitary glands | regulates growth and controls other endocrine glands |
| lesion | tissue destruction; natural or experimental destruction of tissue |
| electroence photogram (EEG) | amplified recording of waves of electrical activity by electrodes |
| computed tomography scan (CT) | x-ray pics in computer for composite representation of brain structure |
| positron emission tomography scan (PET) | visual display of brain activity, deflects radioactive glucose goes while doing a task |
| magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) | magnetic fields and radio waves to produces computer generated pictures of tissue and anatomy |
| functional MRI (fMRI) | reveals blood flow, brain activity by computer MRI scans and function |
| brain stem | oldest, central core; where spinal cord enters skull- automatic survival function |
| medulla | base of brainstem, controls heartbeat and breathing |
| thalamus | sensory control center, top of brain stem, directs messages to sensory cortex |
| reticular formation | nerve network through brainstem and thalamus- controls arousal |
| cerebellum | rear of brainstem, processing sensory input, output movement, balance, nonverbal learning, and memory |
| limbic system | below cerebral hemisphere- emotions and drives |
| amygdala | limbic system, linked to emotion |
| hypothalamus | below thalamus, maintenance activities, endocrine system, emotions, and rewards |
| cerebral cortex | interconnected neural cells covering the cerebral hemi-body’s ultimate control and information processing center |
| glial cells | cells in the nervous system that support, nourish, and protect neurons; role in learning and thinking |
| frontal lobes | behind forehead, speaking and muscle movements- making judgement and plans |
| parietal lobes | top of head, toward rear, receives sensory inputs for touch and body position |
| occipital lobes | back of the head, receive info from the visual fields |
| temporal lobes | above ears, auditory areas, receiving info primarily from opposite ear |
| motor cortex | rear frontal lobe that controls voluntary movements |
| somatosensory cortex | front of parietal lobes that registers and processes touch and movement sensations |
| association areas | areas of cortex involved in primarily motor or sensory; learning, thinking, remembering, and speaking |
| plasticity | brain’s ability to change, especially during childhood, by reorganizing damage |
| corpus callosum | large band of neural fibers between 2 brain hemispheres |
| split brain | condition resulting from injury that isolates the brain’s 2 hemispheres by cutting the fibers between them |
| consciousness | our awareness of ourselves and our environment |
| cognitive neuroscience | study of the brain activity linked w/ cognition (perception, thinking, memory, and language) |
| dual processing | info is often simultaneously processed on separate conscious and unconscious tracks |
| behavior genetics | the study of the relative power and limits of genetic and environmental influences on behavior |
| environment | every external influence, from prenatal nutrition to the people and things around us |
| chromosomes | thread like structures made of DNA molecules that contain the genes |
| DNA | complex molecule containing the genetic info that makes up chromosomes |
| genes | biochemical units of heredity that make up the chromosome segments of DNA capable of synthesizing proteins |
| genome | complete instructions for making an organism, all genetic material in that organisms chromosomes |
| identical twins | twins who develop from a a single egg that splits in two, creating 2 identical organisms |
| fraternal twins | twins who develop from separate eggs, share a fetal environment, not closer than brothers and sisters |
| molecular genetics | molecular structure and function of genes |
| heritability | proportion of variation among individuals that we can attribute to genes, may vary depending on range of populations and environments |
| interaction | effect of one factor (env.) depends on another factor (heritability |
| epigenetics | study of environmental influences on gene expression that occur w/o a DNA change |
| evolutionary psychology | evolution of behavior and the mind, using principles of natural selection |
| natural selection | among the range of inherited trait variation contributing to reproduction and survival will be passed on |
| mutation | random error in gene replication that leads to a change |
Created by:
_emilyyyoung_
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