u3 vocab
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| biological psych | links between biological (genetic, neural, hormonal) and psychological processes
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| neuron | nerve cell, basic building block
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| dendrites | branching extensions that receive messages and conduct impulses toward cell body
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| axon | neuron extension that passes messages through its branches to other
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| myelin sheath | encasing around the axons of some neurons, greater transmission speed
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| action terminal | neural impulse; brief electric charge that travels down a axon
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| refractory period | period of inactivity after a neuron has fired
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| threshold | level of stimulation required to trigger a neural impulse
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| all or none response | neuron’s reaction of either firing (w/ full strength) or not
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| synapse | junction between the axon tip of sending neuron and dendrite
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| neurotransmitters | chemical messengers that cross the synapse gaps between neurons- influence whether that neurons will generate a neural impulse
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| re-uptake | neurotransmitter’s reabsorption by the sending neuron
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| endorphins | “morphine within” natural opiate, like neurotransmitters linked to pain control and to pleasure
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| agonist | molecule that by binding to a receptor site, inhibits or blocks a response
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| nervous system | body’s speedy, electro-chemical communication network, all nerve cells of PNS and CNS
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| CNS- central nervous system | brain and spinal cord
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| PNS- peripheral nervous system | sensory and motor neurons that connect the CNS to the rest of the body
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| nerves | bundled axons that form neural “cables” connecting CNS w/ organs, glands, muscles
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| sensory (afferent) neurons | incoming info from glands and muscles to brain and spinal cord
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| motor (efferent) neurons | outgoing info from brain and spinal cord to muscles and glands
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| interneurons | neurons within the brain and spinal cord that communicate internally and intervened between the sensory inputs and motor outputs
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| somatic nervous system | controls the skeletal muscles, skeletal nervous system
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| automatic nervous system | controls glands and muscles of internal organs, calms
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| sympathetic nervous system | mobilize energy in stressful situations (ANS) part of (PNS)
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| para-sympathetic nervous system | calms the body, conserving energy (ANS) part of (PNS)
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| reflex | automatic response to sensory stimulus
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| endocrine system | “slow” chemical communication system, sends hormones into the blood stream
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| hormones | chemical messenger manufactured by IG, travel through blood
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| adrenal glands | above kidneys, secrete hormones that help arose the body in stress
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| pituitary glands | regulates growth and controls other endocrine glands
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| lesion | tissue destruction; natural or experimental destruction of tissue
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| electroence photogram (EEG) | amplified recording of waves of electrical activity by electrodes
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| computed tomography scan (CT) | x-ray pics in computer for composite representation of brain structure
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| positron emission tomography scan (PET) | visual display of brain activity, deflects radioactive glucose goes while doing a task
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| magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) | magnetic fields and radio waves to produces computer generated pictures of tissue and anatomy
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| functional MRI (fMRI) | reveals blood flow, brain activity by computer MRI scans and function
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| brain stem | oldest, central core; where spinal cord enters skull- automatic survival function
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| medulla | base of brainstem, controls heartbeat and breathing
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| thalamus | sensory control center, top of brain stem, directs messages to sensory cortex
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| reticular formation | nerve network through brainstem and thalamus- controls arousal
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| cerebellum | rear of brainstem, processing sensory input, output movement, balance, nonverbal learning, and memory
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| limbic system | below cerebral hemisphere- emotions and drives
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| amygdala | limbic system, linked to emotion
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| hypothalamus | below thalamus, maintenance activities, endocrine system, emotions, and rewards
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| cerebral cortex | interconnected neural cells covering the cerebral hemi-body’s ultimate control and information processing center
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| glial cells | cells in the nervous system that support, nourish, and protect neurons; role in learning and thinking
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| frontal lobes | behind forehead, speaking and muscle movements- making judgement and plans
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| parietal lobes | top of head, toward rear, receives sensory inputs for touch and body position
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| occipital lobes | back of the head, receive info from the visual fields
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| temporal lobes | above ears, auditory areas, receiving info primarily from opposite ear
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| motor cortex | rear frontal lobe that controls voluntary movements
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| somatosensory cortex | front of parietal lobes that registers and processes touch and movement sensations
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| association areas | areas of cortex involved in primarily motor or sensory; learning, thinking, remembering, and speaking
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| plasticity | brain’s ability to change, especially during childhood, by reorganizing damage
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| corpus callosum | large band of neural fibers between 2 brain hemispheres
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| split brain | condition resulting from injury that isolates the brain’s 2 hemispheres by cutting the fibers between them
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| consciousness | our awareness of ourselves and our environment
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| cognitive neuroscience | study of the brain activity linked w/ cognition (perception, thinking, memory, and language)
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| dual processing | info is often simultaneously processed on separate conscious and unconscious tracks
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| behavior genetics | the study of the relative power and limits of genetic and environmental influences on behavior
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| environment | every external influence, from prenatal nutrition to the people and things around us
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| chromosomes | thread like structures made of DNA molecules that contain the genes
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| DNA | complex molecule containing the genetic info that makes up chromosomes
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| genes | biochemical units of heredity that make up the chromosome segments of DNA capable of synthesizing proteins
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| genome | complete instructions for making an organism, all genetic material in that organisms chromosomes
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| identical twins | twins who develop from a a single egg that splits in two, creating 2 identical organisms
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| fraternal twins | twins who develop from separate eggs, share a fetal environment, not closer than brothers and sisters
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| molecular genetics | molecular structure and function of genes
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| heritability | proportion of variation among individuals that we can attribute to genes, may vary depending on range of populations and environments
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| interaction | effect of one factor (env.) depends on another factor (heritability
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| epigenetics | study of environmental influences on gene expression that occur w/o a DNA change
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| evolutionary psychology | evolution of behavior and the mind, using principles of natural selection
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| natural selection | among the range of inherited trait variation contributing to reproduction and survival will be passed on
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| mutation | random error in gene replication that leads to a change
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