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Exam #3
psych 270 - social psychology
| attitudes | evaluative reactions, beliefs or feelings about an object |
| ex of attitudes | how you feel about something (can be positive, negative, or neutral) |
| what are the "ABCs" of attitudes? | A(ffect) B(ehavior) C(ognition) |
| what are bogus pipeline tests? | fake lie detector tests; there to minimize social pressure |
| implicit (unconscious) attitude tests | tests that use reaction time to measure unconscious/automatic thoughts and associations |
| ex of implicit association tests | reactions responses to black/white faces and which gets a faster and more positive reaction |
| principle of aggregation | attitudes are better predictors of average behaviors rather than isolated acts |
| specific attitudes | better predictors of behavior than general ones (ex jogging, fitness) |
| ex of specific attitudes | being very health conscious - having a passion for weight lifting, but hating running/jogging |
| potent attitudes | strong and accessible attitudes are better predictors of behaviors |
| ex of potent attitudes | playing/participating in a sport as a child and being more likely to support that sport as an adult |
| Festinger's attitude theory | changing one's behaviors will lead to a change in attitude |
| ex of festinger's attitude theory | exposing yourself to healthy food options and eventually only wanting to eat that type of food |
| roles | norms that define behaviors in a social position |
| ex of roles | when someone becomes an RA and "changes" the way they do/look at things like authority, etc. |
| ex of roles influence behaviors | the stanford prison experiment |
| evil and moral actions | minor acts of harm or good makes it easier to commit larger acts later on |
| saying-becomes-believing effect | we adjust our message to the audience and then believe it more ourselves |
| ex of saying-becomes-believing effect | when someone lies so often that they begin to believe their lies |
| self presentation theory | we express attitudes that match our actions in order to appear consistent |
| ex of self presentation theory | previously stating that you do not like dogs --> encountering someone you want to make a good impression on that has a dog --> claiming you like dogs and your friend calling you out bc you said you did not like dogs before |
| high self monitors | tend to impression manage more often than others |
| self-justification theory | aka cognitive dissonance |
| ex of cognitive dissonance | the tension/comfortability you feel when you do something you do not usually do |
| selective exposure | avoiding the "scene of the crime" |
| ex of selective exposure | buying a vape that has the message "vaping kills" on the box (meant to deter people from purchasing them) and throwing it away knowing that the message is there, but getting it out of sight so its out of mind |
| self affirmation | affirming a positive aspect of yourself |
| ex of self affirmation | claiming that you are "still a good person" despite all the bad things you have done or do |
| insufficient justification | altering one's attitude only when there is a lack of justification for inconsistent behaviors or beliefs |
| dissonance after decisions | choosing between equally appealing options causes dissonance |
| self perception theory | when we are unsure of our attitudes we infer them by self-observation |
| ex of self-perception theory | convincing yourself that one genre of music is your favorite simply because you listen to it more often than others |
| mimicry | mirroring others allows us to experience their feelings |
| ex of mimicry | subconsciously nodding your head, rubbing your face, and carrying the same posture as the person/people you are around |
| overjustification effect | rewarding someone for doing something they like will cause them to lose interest |
| ex of overjustification effect | children being rewarded to draw makes them less likely to want to draw for fun in the future |
| what does the dissonance theory explain? | attitude change |
| what does the self-perception theory explain? | attitude formations |
| prejudice | a negative prejudgement of a group and its individual members (this is an attitude) |
| stereotype | beliefs about the personal attributes of a groups of people |
| ex of a stereotype | since girls are nicer and more docile than boys, they are more likely to have the urge to please others |
| discrimination | unjustifiable negative behavior towards a groups or its members |
| ex of discrimination | a workplace adopting the rule of not hiring pregnant women or women who have families |
| racial and gender attitudes have become ___ ___ in the last 30 years | more positive |
| dual attitudes and prejudice | our conscious attitudes can differ from our unconscious attitudes |
| ex of dual attitudes prejudice | White people with prejudicial implicit attitudes are more likely than other White people to blink and look away from Black people during a social interaction. |
| modern prejudice | subtle forms of bias that occur automatically or unconsciously |
| ex of modern prejudice | "white sounding" names having a higher call back rate when employers are looking over resumes than "black sounding" names |
| systemic prejudice | implicit biases are related to biased judgements, nonverbal friendliness, and biased decisions in organizations and institutes |
| ex of systemic prejudice | the probability of victims of police brutality are much higher in black persons than white. |
| ex of innocence bias | police officers with more implicit bias see children of color as older and less innocent than whites |
| gender stereotypes | these are typically much stronger than racial stereotypes |
| ambivalent sexism | a mix of both hostile and benevolent attitudes |
| ex of hostile sexism | women being seen as too sensitive, seek to manipulate/control men, demand special privileges |
| ex of benevolent sexism | women should be cherished and protected |
| heterosexism | hold anti-LGBTQ ideals |
| social sources of prejudice: social inequities | stereotypes are used to rationalize unequal status |
| exs of social inequities | gender wage gap, gender inequality, healthcare concerns |
| ex of social dominance | most higher-level jobs being held by white men |
| ex of authoritarian orientation | |
| ___ is often used as an excuse for social injustice | religion |
| conformity | prejudice is often maintained by public apathy and interia |
| ex of conformity | following the latest trends |
| systemic supports | political leaders, organizations, media and education reflect and reinforce attitudes |
| face-ism | male ads tend to focus more on faces and female ads tend to focus more on the body |
| frustration and aggression hypothesis | frustrations can lead to displaced aggressions |
| realistic group conflict theory | prejudice arises when groups are competing for scarce resources |
| ex of realistic group conflict theory | ethnic group A believes that members of ethnic group B pose a threat to them by “stealing jobs,” then regardless of whether this is true, ethnic group A will feel resentment and hostility |
| cognitive sources of prejudice: categorization | we simplify and organize our world by automatically categorizing people into groups (ingroups and outgroups) |
| ingroup bias | tendency to favor groups that we identify with |
| ex of ingroup bias | preferring to socialize with people who are fans of the same team(s) as you |
| when do we tend to rely on stereotypes? | when we are tired, preoccupied, busy, emotional, etc. |
| what tends to draw our attentions and bias our judgements when it comes to prejudice? | distinct events and people |
| illusory correlations | we notice and remember more distinct people and events |
| outgroup homogeneity effect | we see outgroup members are more similar to each other |
| ex of outgroup homogeneity effect | when a professor has a class of 24 students (20 white, 4 black), they might confuse the black students with the others in the class because they "look so much a like", when in reality they dont look alike at all. |
| group serving bias | negative outgroup behaviors are attributed to their dispositions |
| ex of group serving bias | crediting the ingroup for its successes, while blaming external factors for its failures |
| just-world phenomenon | the false belief that the world is fair and people get what they deserve |
| ex of just-world phenomenon | someone being homeless or poor and ppl that are better off than them thinking that its because they went on a bender, are alcoholic or drug addicts |
| prejudgements | stereotypes affect what we notice and remember about others |
| ex of prejudgments | a parent that thinks boys are supposed to be tough claiming that their son's crying is because they are angry and not because of their empathy they have for another person |
| behavioral confirmation | negative expectations and behaviors cause others to confirm our stereotypes |
| ex of behavioral confirmation | complimenting your professor on their shirt or how their new haircut looks very nice on them because you know that flattery can boost how they think about you |
| stereotype threat | fear that one's behavior will verify a negative stereotype leads to poor performance |
| ex of stereotype threat | a girl taking a test and being told that she is only being graded on her intellectual performance may make her perform poorly on the test bc women are stereotypically bad at math |
Created by:
Kmw333
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