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PSY100 Chapter 5
Terms from week 4
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Sensation | The process of detecting stimuli arising from the body or the environment, responding to it, and transmitting those responses to the brain |
| Perception | Processing, organization, and interpretation of sensory signals in the brain creating an internal representation of sensations |
| Psychophysics | The study of relationships between the physical qualities of stimuli and the subjective responses they produce |
| Transduction | Process of sensory receptors passing info through the thalamus to the proper processing areas of the brain |
| Absolute threshold | Minimum amount of a stimulus needed to trigger detection |
| Difference threshold | Just detectable difference between two stimuli (minimum amount of stimulus needed to detect a change) |
| Sensory Adaptation | When the body stops responding/detecting a constant stimulus |
| Five basic qualities of taste | Salt, sweet, sour, savory (umami), bitter |
| Signal Detection theory | Studying decision making processes when presented with uncertain or undetectable stimuli |
| Audition | Sense of hearing |
| Agnosia | Inability to recognize objects |
| Binocular cue | Depth cue deduced by the difference in image given by both eyes (requires both eyes to function properly) |
| Bottom-up processing | Perception skill that builds simple input into complex perceptions (basic facts and straight-forward interpretations) |
| Top-down processing | Perception skill that uses memory and surrounding info/cognitive processes to interpret sensory input |
| Cochlea | Inner ear structure that contains auditory receptors |
| Cone | Photoreceptor located in the retina (fovea specifically) that respond to light by producing color and fine detail |
| Cornea | Clear surface of the eye that focuses light into the retina |
| Depth perception | Ability to perceive three dimensions using two-dimensional projections onto the retina |
| Fovea | Area of the retina specialized for highly detailed vision (holds the cones) |
| Dorsal stream (parietal pathway) | Visual pathway of spatial perception ('where') |
| Ventral/temporal stream (temporal pathway) | Visual pathway of identification of objects ('what') |
| Somatosensory Homonculus | Model projecting the sensitivity of the different areas of the somatosensory cortex |
| Mechanoreceptors | Receptors that respond to pressure/touch |
| Nociceptors | Pain receptors activated by damaging stimuli |
| "A Delta" fibers | Myelinated pain receptors that respond quickly to sharp pains; protective |
| "C" fibers | Non-myelinated pain receptors that respond to long dull pains/aches; recuperative |
| Gate control theory | Neural gate in the spine allows pain to reach the brain. The gate can be inhibited/closed by other competing information or endorphins |
| Gustation | Sense of taste |
| Gestalt principles | Principles that organize the way we perceive all the elements of our environment |
| Figure-ground relationship | Whatever is not the focus of the image (figure) is automatically perceived as the background |
| Illusory contours | Perceiving contours/edges/lines that don't exist when surrounding stimuli suggests them |
| Proximity | Closer stimuli tend to get grouped together during perception |
| Similarity | Grouping objects that look similar to each other during perception |
| Continuation | Tendency to perceive intersected/obscured lines as continuous rather than changing direction |
| Closure | Tendency to close gaps in perception that are left open in images |
| Iris | Colored part of the eye surrounding the pupil that controls the amount of light that enters the eye |
| Lens | Clear structure behind the pupil that bends light toward the retina; responsible for changing focus for near or far objects |
| Monocular cue | Depth cues that require only one eye (occlusion, relative size, familiar size, linear perspective, texture gradient, position relative to horizon) |
| Motion parallax | Objects that are far away seem to move slower than objects that are closer |
| Olfaction | Sense of smell |
| Olfactory bulb | Structure below the frontal lobe that receive input from olfactory receptors |
| Olfactory epithelium | Thin layer of tissue/mucus that holds the smell receptors |
| Olfactory nerve | Nerve carrying information from the smell receptors to the olfactory bulbs |
| Opponent processing theory | Color perception is separated into channels (red-green, yellow-blue, white-black) and when one of a pair is activated it inhibits the other (produces 'bounce back' effect of opposite color when one is overloaded) |
| Optic nerve | Nerve exiting the retina of the eye, transports info from the eye to the thalamus |
| Pupil | Opening in the iris that allows light into the inner eye |
| Retina | Back of the eye; holds the structures that process light information |
| Retinal disparity | Difference between the images projected onto each eye; used as a cue for depth perception |
| Rod | Photoreceptor specialized for dim light; located along the retina |
| Taste bud | Taste receptor located in the papillae on the tounge |
| Transduction | Translation of incoming sensory information into neural signals (sensory receptors passing info to processing areas) |
| Trichromatic theory | Three different types of cones that each process a different color (short=blue, medium=green, large=red); perceived color is determined by the ratio of activated cones |
| Vestibular system | System in the inner ear that provides information about movement and body position (aids in balance); allows eyes to focus on an object while the head moves |
| Vision | Sense that processes reflected light |
| Synesthesia | Crossover/confusion of sensory imput (see week 3 study set) |
| Split brain | Each hemisphere of the brain focuses on something different (left better with language, right better with spatial); caused by the crossing of the optic nerve pathways in the brain |
| Contralateral organization | Opposite hemisphere-to-body connection (Right side controlled by left hemisphere, vis versa) |
| Visual cortex | Area of the brain where the thalamus sends occipital input for processing |
| Fusiform face area (FFA) | Part of the brain specialized for recognizing faces (extended to things that people are experts in) |
Created by:
doctorpenguin
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