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impression formation
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| first source of info we gather from someone else? and what 4 things can we extract? | Physical appearance ○ Attractiveness ○ Competence ○ Sociability (kindness, likeability) ○ Morality |
| attractivness | Easily and reliably determined from appearance, within seconds Attractiveness people are perceived to be more: (The Halo effect) ○ Interesting ○ Warm ○ Outgoing ○ Socially skilled |
| Real life implications of The Halo effect | Law; jurors are more lenient towards attractive defendants (Sigall and Ostrove, 1975) Education; physically attractive children are rated more intelligent and with greater academic potential (Gheorghiu et al, 2017) |
| Competence | US senate election outcomes could be predicted by peoples ratings of how competent the US candidates appeared to be (Todorov et al,2005) |
| Competence; Warmth | candidates higher in competence and lower in warmth were more likely to win an election (Rule & Ambrady,2010) |
| Competence: sociability | candidates higher in competence and lower in sociability were more likely to win an election (Castelli et al,2009) |
| Trustworthiness | - people invested more in trustworthy individuals in financial trust games (Rezlescu et al,2012) |
| Competence: Dominance | companies with highly competent and dominant looking CEOs were more financially successful (Rule & Ambrady, 2008) |
| Baby facedness | baby-faced defendants were more likely to win cases involved intentional actions, but more likely to lose cases of negligence in small court claims (Zebrowitz & McDonald,1991) |
| Competence; sociability; morality | scientists higher in competence and morality but lower in sociability and attractiveness were perceived as better scientists (Gheorghiu et al, 2017) |
| Central traits of social judgement (Rosenberg,1968) | Good-intellectual <-> Bad intellectual Bad-social <-> good-social where traits are placed across these 2 dimensions |
| Oosterhof & Todorov (2008) Developed a model of face evaluation | Trustworthiness and dominance as fundamental dimensions Signifies useful traits that will encourage or discourage approaching or avoiding behaviour |
| 2-factor model (Fiske et al,2007) | 2 main traits(competence and Warmth) that people make impressions on Warmth being a broader umbrella term |
| 3-factor model (Goodwin,2015) | Goodwin argues that warmth should be split and that warmth doesn’t fully explain the depth of itself |
| Pagliaro et al, (2013) impression formation study | Asked p's to form an impression of a prospective boss High vs low morality and competence Morality information determined the initial response to the new boss |
| Accuracy of appearance based impressions | High agreement between people rating the faces on social traits (Gheorghiu et al., 2017; 2019) Agreement between different cultures (Castelli et al, 2009) |
| Rule et al (2010) voting behaviours | Personality traits are important in predicting voting behaviour This varies according to culture Power significantly predicted % of votes received (In USA) Warmth significantly predicted % of votes received(In Japan) |
| Gosling et al (2002) strangers rating bedrooms | found that strangers' ratings of students' bedrooms were similar to the students' ratings of themselves A similarity between rating someone else's environment as it says something about themselves |
| Back et el. (2010) personality ratings on social media | Collected personality ratings from social media users and their close friends P's examined social media profiles and rated the users' personality Correlations between the two ratings |
| Mere exposure effect | Exposure to a stimulus without any external reward, which creates familiarity with the general stimulus and generally makes people feel more positively about it |
| Moreland & Zajonc (1982) Mere exposure effect - photos | Experimental set up, p's saw photos of faces either repeatedly or once familiar faces were rated as more likeable |
| Moreland & Beach (1992) Mere exposure effect study - 4 women attending course | Arranged 4 women to attend a course - no interaction with other students Students rated the women they saw more often as more interesting, attractive, warm and intelligent |
| Salience | the ability of a cue to attract attention in its context. Salient cues are more likely to be used to form a first impression |
| Mrkva and Van Boven (2020) salience exposure | • Some of the effects of exposure can be explained by salience instead • Relative exposure has a stronger effect on liking than absolute exposure |
| Primacy effect | a pattern in which early-encountered info has a greater impact than subsequent info |
| Confirmation bias | Search for info that confirms your initial impression Selectively attend to info that fits in with your initial impression While not attending that might disprove it |
| Can you get a second chance at a first impression? Gawronski et al (2010) | New experiences that contradict a first impression become "bound" to the context in which they were made, whereas first impressions still dominate in other contexts - first impressions are persistent positive impressions can be made in other contexts |
Created by:
willkruger
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