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Perceiving groups
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Stereotype | beliefs that associate groups of people with certain traits or characteristics |
| Prejudice | negative feelings towards people based on their membership in certain groups |
| Discrimination | behaviour directed against people being apart of a particular group |
| Social categorisation | the classification of people into groups on the basis of common attributes ○ Eg. Race, gender, age , country ○ Own group =ingroup; other group = outgroup |
| Social identity theory (Tajfel,1982) | People favour ingroups; they believe their own nation, culture, language etc to be better than others People favour ingroups over outgroups in order to enhance their self-esteem Self esteem is determined by personal identity and social identity |
| implications of Social identity theory | - Emphasising differences between groups leads to negative evaluations of outgroups - Explaining cultural habits - Religious clothing - stereotyping |
| Stereotype content model | • Many group stereotypes vary along the dimensions competence and warmth (Fiske, 2012) High competence is associated with high status More warmth is associated with less competition Elderly/females; high in warmth and low in competence |
| How do stereotypes form ? | • Outgroup homogeneity effect - the tendency to assume that there is a greater similarity among members of outgroups than of ingroups 1. is generalising enough to form an impression about an entire group of people 2. overestimation of generalisation |
| why do stereotypes endure? - Illusory correlations | an overestimation of the association between variables that are slightly or not at all correlated - Instances that are stereotyped become more and more perceived by media - People pay more attention |
| why do stereotypes endure? | 1. Through overestimation of distinctive events (e.g black person commits a crime) 2. Through overestimation of meaningful pairs 3. Through sub-categorisation 4. Through explaining away positive behaviour |
| How are stereotypes used to evaluate people? | • Automatic stereotype activation ○ Stereotypes can bias our perceptions and responses even when we don’t personally agree with them (Devine, 1989) |
| Confirmation bias | the tendency to seek and interpret information that seems to support existing beliefs |
| Stone et al. (1997) -Students listened to a college basketball game | Some were led to believe that a particular player was black, others that he was white How did the students evaluate performance based on physical appearance/ability -i.e jumping - More people thought black people could jump higher =Confirmation bias |
| fulfilling prophecy | the observation that sometimes our beliefs about others can lead us to treat them in such a way that they subsequently become what we expect them to be |
| Von Bayer et al (1991) - study about male interviewers either holding or not female stereotypes | When females thought the interviewer had the stereotyping views - Eye contact and talking was much less - The stereotypes were 'submissive' Females tended to present themselves more attractively |
| Solutions to overcome discrimination; Contact hypothesis | 1. Equal status 2. Personal interaction 3. Co-operative activities 4. social norms |
| Co-operative activities - Sherif(1966) | Truck was stuck in the mud and everyone had to help to push it out of the mud - 80% of the time conflict raised - ordinate gaol was introduced = 20% of p's worked together |
Created by:
willkruger
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