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Cognitive Psychology
Week 1
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Attention | Ability to focus on specific stimuli or locations |
| Selective attention | Attending to one thing while ignoring others |
| Divided attention | paying attention to more than one thing at a time |
| Automatic processing | Type of processing tha tincurs without intention and at a cost of none or only some of a person's cognitive resources |
| Visual scanning | Movements of eyes from one location to another |
| Distributed attention | Register features automatically |
| Focused attention | Identifying one object at time, which requires slower serial processing |
| Spatial attention | Attention on surroundings |
| Overt attention | Shifting attention by moving eyes |
| Covert attention | Shifting attention while keeping eyes stationary |
| Fixation | aiming your fovea at one section after another |
| Saccadic eye movement | Rapid, jerky movement from one fixation to the next |
| Stimulus salience | Physical properties of the stimulus |
| Saliency map | Map which has analyzed characteristics such as colour, orientation and intensity at each location in the scene |
| Bottom-up | Processing that starts with information received by receptors (data-based processing) |
| Top-down | Processing that involves a person's knowledge or expectations (knowledge-based processing). |
| What did experiment with Posner task show? | Attention is like a spotlight that improves processing when directed towards a particular location <-- information processing is more effective at the place where attention is directed. |
| Inattentional blindness | Not attending to something that is clearly visible |
| Change blindness | Difficulty in detecting change in scenes |
| Processing capacity | Amount of information people can handle and process at a given time |
| Perceptual load | Difficulty of a task |
| Low-load tasks | Easy/well-practiced tasks |
| High-load tasks | Difficult/not well-practiced tasks |
| Task-irrelevant stimulus | Distraction |
| What is the level of distraction determined by? | Perceptual load of task Power of the distracting stimulus |
| What can the degree of failure of our selective attention filter be demonstrated by? | Flanker compatibility task |
| What is perceptual hold theory? | Our brain can only hold some attention depending on difficulty. This did not hold for video gamers. |
| Binding | Process by which features such as colour, form, motion and location are combined to create our perception of a coherent object |
| Binding problem | How are an object's individual features become bound together? |
| Attentional bias | A situation in which people pay extra attention to some stimuli or some features |
| What do we have an attentional bias to? | Emotions (proven by stroop task and dot probe task) |
| Stroop effect | For incongruent trials, the names of the words cause a competing response and therefore slow responding to the target |
| Broadbent's filter model of attention | Information passes through 4 stages. |
| 4 stages of Broadbent's filter model of attention | 1. Sensory memory 2. Filter (identifies physical characteristics) 3. Detector (determine higher meaning) 4. Short-term memory |
| Dichotic listening | Different stimuli in each ear |
| Early selection model | Filter eliminates unattended information right at beginning of flow of information, before it is fully analyzed and meaning is derived |
| Cocktail party effect | Hearing someone calling your name |
| What inspired the attenuation model? | Dear Aunt Jane experiment |
| Attenuation model | Selection of information occurs in two stages. |
| 2 stages of attenuation model | Attenuator & dictionary unit. |
| What is the attenuator | this analyzes incoming message in terms of 1. physical characteristics 2. language 3. meaning |
| What is the dictionary unit | Contains words or concepts stored in memory, each of which has a threshold for being activated |
| Problem of early-late selection models | Can both be demonstratedy under some conditions, depending on observer's task & type of stimuli presented. Research thus began to focus on understanding the many factors that control attention. |
| Load theory of attention | Low-load tasks may leave resources avilable for processing unattended task-irrelevant stimuli, whereas high-load tasks that use all of a person's cognitive resources don't leave any resources to process unattended task-irrelevant stimuli. |
| Feature integration theory | How we perceive individual features as part of the same object by two-stage process |
| Two stage process of feature integration theory | Preattentive stage (analyzes into features) and focused attention stage (combine features) |
| Illusory conjunctions | Combinations of features from different stimuli. This exists because in preattentive stage, each feature exists independently of the others. |
| Balint's syndrome | Inability to focus attention on individual objects, which proved feature integration theory |
| Visual search | Something we do any time we look for an object among a number of objects |
| Executive attention network | Part of brain responsible for kind of attention that we use when a task focuses on conflict |
| Role of dopamine in attention | Works as chemical transmitter between braincells. Important in controlling attention. Low dopamine = low control of attention |
| Cognitive psychology | Scientific study of the mind |
| Clinical neuropsychology | Specialty within clinical psychology, dedicated to understanding the relationships between unwanted behaviour and controlled behaviour |
| How do we create categories? | Prototype approach or exemplar approach |
| Prototype approach? | Each category is organized based on a prototype |
| Exemplar approach | We store everything we encounter, each new object is compared with each example to decide whether it belongs to the same category |
| Downsides to prototype approach | 1. Cannot account for changes in prototypes 2. Specific information about the members of teh category is also stored inside the semantic memroy |
| Downsides to exemplar approach | 1. Semantic memory will fill up fast with all examples 2. Takes too much time to think of all things before making opinion or decision |
| Network model | Concepts in semantic memory are part of a network, consiting of multiple interconnections between items |
| Collin's ad quillin's hierarchical model | Brain makes hierarchy of categories, where each concept is connected to some characteristics |
| Spreading activation | If we open one concept all connecting concepts get opened and used as well |
| Parallel distributed processing models | Concepts are represented by activity across a network; hierarchies are not set in structures but the moment we activate an item, we also activate a boundary |
| Analog code | Information in working memory is created through pictures |
| Propositional code | We think in terms of words in working memory |
| Perception research | People think in pictures because size of mental images also take part in perception of animals |
| What did brain imaging show in terms of analog coding & visual imagery? | The brain images does not show what imagining really is. |
| Double dissochiation | Brain damage either ends in blindness or the loss of imagination |
Created by:
DoorBella
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