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EPPP study for all
Physio prepjet study content 2023
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Ischemic Stroke | most common and occurs when there is blockage in a cerebral artery that is due to a blood clot that developed in an artery in the brain (thrombotic stroke) or that traveled through the bloodstream to the brain (embolic stroke). |
| transient ischemic stroke (TIA). | blockage of an artery for less than five minutes that causes temporary symptoms. Warning more severe |
| hemorrhagic stroke | due to bleeding that occurs when there is a rupture in a cerebral artery within the brain (intracerebral hemorrhage) or in the space between the brain and the membrane that covers the brain (subarachnoid hemorrhage). |
| The middle cerebral artery -stroke | most often involved in a stroke. Symptoms: contralateral sensory loss, contra hemiparesis (weakness) or hemiplegia (paralysis), contral visual field loss, dysarthria (slurred speech), and aphasia w/domhemisphere ior apraxia/contral neglect w/ nondom hemis |
| posterior cerebral artery-stroke | contralateral sensory loss and hemiparesis, contralateral homonymous hemianopsia or other visual impairment, dysarthria, nausea and vomiting, and memory loss. |
| anterior cerebral artery -stroke | contralateral sensory loss and hemiparesis (especially in the leg), impaired insight and judgment, mutism, apathy, confusion, and urinary incontinence. |
| TBI -anterograde amnesia | Cognitive symptoms of TBI may include some degree of anterograde and retrograde amnesia. Anterograde amnesia is also known as post-traumatic amnesia when it’s due to TBI, and its duration is a good predictor of recovery from other symptoms |
| TBI -retrograde amnesia | When retrograde amnesia occurs, recent long-term memories are affected more than remote memories; and, when lost memories begin to return, those from the most distant past are recovered first. |
| PTS vs PTE in TBI | Post-traumatic seizures (PTS) occur within one week after TBI and can often be successfully treated with anti-seizure medication. When seizures occur more than 1 wk after TBI, classified as post-traumatic epilepsy (PTE). PTE is harder to treat than PTS |
| TBI seizure/facts | some evidence that seizures following TBI are linked to temporal lobe and hippocampal atrophy .most people experience the most recovery from TBI during the first 3 months w/ substantial addl improvement during the first year |
| Huntingtons disease | caused by autosomal dominant gene, offspring of a person w this gene have a 50% chance of inheriting. onset 30 -50 years old. abn in the basal ganglia and abn GABA and glutamate. depression/mood precede cognitive/motor sym |
| Huntington’s disease | As the disease progresses, affect/cognitive/motor symp worsen, w/athetosis /chorea years after Athetosis -nonrhythmic, slow, writhing movmt chorea -invol rapid, jerky movmt arms, legs/trunk. later , movement dis.are severe, trouble speaking /swallowing |
| Parkinson’s disease | linked to a loss of dopamine-producing cells in the substantia nigra and basal ganglia, causes the disorder’s motor symptoms. There’s also evidence that excessive glutamate activity in the basal ganglia. Norepinephrine degenerating? |
| Parkinson’s disease | tremor when muscles are at rest -hands “pill rolling,” balance/coord,rigidity in limbs/trunk, Slow voluntary mov (bradykinesia) may include a mask-like face/decreased eyeblink Up to 50% of people exp depression depressive sym motor symptin about 20% |
| Parkinson’s treatment | early stages with L-dopa (levodopa), increases dopamine levels. deep brain stimulation (DBS) is used to reduce motor sym. implanting electrodes that deliver electrical impulses in areas of brain. |
| Focal onset seizures | local in 1 cerebral hemisphere/affect 1side of body, may spread in brain Foc. onset aware seiz (aka simple partial ) do not affect consciousness, foc. onset impaired aware seiz (complex partial) caz a change in consciousness /may begin w/aura. |
| Generalized onset seizures | Tonic clinic- and grand mal, Stiff face, jerky movement. When gain consciousness depressed/confused |
| Temporal lobe seizures | most common type of focal onset seiz and may begin with an aura that involves experiencing a strange taste or odor, a rising sensation in the stomach, sudden intense fear or other emotion, or a sense of déjà vu (familiarity) or jamais vu (unfamiliarity). |
| Causes of temporal lobe seizures | genetic factors (heredity or mutations), TBI, brain tumors and infections, cerebrovascular accidents. Psych stress is a freq trigger of temporal lobe seizures |
| Frontal lobe seizures | often occur during sleep and last less than 30 secs. Sympt: kicking, rocking, bicycle pedaling, repetitive movements; abn body posturing (fencing posture); screams/laughter; trouble speaking w/ intact comprehension; autonomic symptoms. |
| Generalized onset non-motor seizures are also known as absence seizures and petit mal seizures-symptoms | involve a very brief loss of consciousness w a blank or absent stare. Some people, their eyes turn upwards and eyelids flutter. |
| Primary hypertension | aka essential hypertension and is diagnosed when the physiological cause of the high blood pressure is unknown |
| Secondary hypertension | diagnosed when high blood pressure due to a known disease. Primary hypertension accounts for up to 90% of all cases and is referred to as the “silent killer” because it’s often asymptomatic. |
| Hyperthyroidism-endocrine disorder common | is caused by hypersecretion of thyroid hormones, symptoms increased rate of metabolism, elevated body temperature, heat intolerance, increased appetite with weight loss, accelerated heart rate, insomnia, emotional lability, and reduced attention span |
| Hypothyroidism | hyposecretion of hormones -involves a decreased rate of metabolism, reduced appetite w weight gain, slowed heart rate, lowered body temperature, cold intolerance, depression, lethargy, decreased libido, confusion, and impaired concentration and memory. |
| central diabetes insipidus | A low level of ADH due to a tumor, infection, stroke, pituitary surgery, symptoms include frequent and excessive urination, extreme thirst, dehydration, constipation, weight loss |
| Type 2 diabetes | Type 2 diabetes is the more common type of diabetes and occurs when the pancreas produces an insufficient amount of insulin or the body is unable to use the insulin produced by the pancreas |
| Type 1 autoimmune diabetes | Type 1 diabetes is an autoimmune disease that destroys insulin-producing cells in the pancreas. There is evidence that a genetic predisposition is the primary risk factor fo |
| EEG | EEG is used to measure the brain’s electrical activity using small electrodes (sensors) that are placed on the scalp to assess activity in the brain area adjacent each line indicates frequency and pattern of activity in a different area of the brain. |
| EEG use | EEG is useful for quickly identifying changes in brain activity in response to stimuli; assisting with the diagnosis of seizure disorders, brain injuries and tumors, and sleep disorders; and confirming brain death |
| Neuropsychiatric EEG-Based Assessment Aid (NEBA) | approved by the FDA diagnostic can be used in conj w/medical and psych exams to diagnose ADHD in individuals 6 to 17 years of age. assesses the ratio of theta /beta brain waves, higher in kids/teens w/ADHD than those w/o it. |
| CT scan | structural changes due TBI , strokes, tumors, degenerative dis ,infections. abnormalities in the density of brain tissue. Advantages of CT available ER, CT costs less images more quickly. disadvantage CTexposes patients to ionizing radiation (x-rays). |
| Mri perks | MRI is that it produces more detailed, three-dimensional images than CT does and, consequently, can detect microhemorrhages, contusions (small areas of bruising), and gliosis (scarring) that cannot be detected in a CT scan. |
| Functional techniques | information brain activity by assessing glucose consumption /oxygen cons-measuring regional cerebral bld flow /blood volume. positron emission tomography (PET), single photon (SPECT), and (fMRI). PET.SPECT both use radioactive tracers into bloodstream |
| Locus coeruleus and Parkinson’s | loss of norepinephrine neurons in this area of the brain has been linked to several of the non-motor symptoms associated with Parkinson’s disease including depression, cognitive deficits, and sleep disturbances. |
| Aprosodia | inability to express or understand variations in the rhythm, pitch, timing, and loudness of speech that are used to convey emotional information. |
| DTI | Diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) is an advanced magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) technique that is used to detect abnormalities in the brain’s white matte |
| Cannon bard | this theory views all emotions as involving similar physiological arousal and contends that, for this reason, differences in emotional reactions cannot be attributed to differences in the nature of physiological arousal. |
| Zilmans excitation transfer theory | arousal elicited by one event can be transferred to and intensify arousal elicited by a later unrelated event. residual arousal from sexual excitation has been found to intensify subsequent anger, sadness, and altruism |
| Lazarus cognitive appraisal theory | Cognitive appraisal theory distinguishes between three types of appraisal: (a) Primary appraisal involves evaluating the event to determine if it’s irrelevant, benign-positive, or stressful. Secondary appraisal Coping skills. 3 is reappraisal |
| Ledouxs 2 factor theory | subcortical system is also referred to as the survival system. reacts quickly and automatically.cortical system aka conscious emotional system. processes information from the senses, subcortical system, episodic /semantic memory using cognitive processes |
| Cerebral cortex dominant hemisphere | Areas in the left (dominant) hemisphere mediate happiness and other positive emotions, and damage to these areas produces a “catastrophic reaction” that involves depression, anxiety, fear, and paranoia. |
| right (nondominant) hemisphere | mediate sadness and other negative emotions, and damage to these areas produces an “indifference reaction” that involves inappropriate indifference and/or euphoria. |
| Selye’s (1976) general adaptation syndrome, which proposes that the body’s response to all types of stress is the same | sympathetic nervous system provides the body with the energy it needs to respond to the stressor with a fight-or-flight Resistance Exhaustion |
| McEwen’s allostatic load model | allostatic state that can be maintained for a limited period of time without having adverse consequences. allostatic overload, which has adverse effects on the person’s physical and psychological health. For example, it can cause dysregulation of the i |
| Hypothalamus and emotions | studies finding that bilateral lesions in certain areas can produce rage and that electrical stimulation of certain areas can cause other emotions such as pleasure or fear. |
| Facial feedback hypothesis | Research supporting the facial feedback hypothesis has found that mimicking a facial expression that’s associated with a specific emotion causes us to experience that emotion – e.g., smiling makes us feel happy. |
| James Lange theory | physiological reaction which, in turn, is perceived as an emotion – e.g., when a person is faced with a growling bear while hiking in the woods, her heart begins to beat faster and she starts breathing more deeply, and she then feels afraid |
| Color blindness | Red-green l is the most freq type, most often due to a genetic mutation but can also be the result of injury or disease (diabetes, ms). The genetic form is caused by a recessive gene on the X chromosome. more common in males because they have only one X |
| Binocular cues | depend on both eyes, responsible for depth perception of objects that are relatively close, include retinal disparity/convergence. Retinal disparity occurs because 2 eyes see objects from 2 diff views and, the closer an object, the greater the disparity |
| Blue yellow color blindness | caused by an autosomal (non-sex) dominant gene and, consequently, affects males and females equally. |
| Opponent process theory | proposes that there are three types of opponent-process cells – red/green, blue/yellow, and white/black. It applies to processing beyond the retina and explains the phenomenon of afterimages and red/green and blue/yellow colorblindness. |
| Trichromatic theory | the retina contains three types of color receptors (cones) – red, blue, and green. Trichromatic theory applies to the initial level of processing in the retina. |
| Photoreceptors | two types : The cones work best in bright light/responsible for visual acuity (sharpness and precise detail) /perception of color. The rods do not perceive color but are most important for peripheral vision and, because they’re more sensitive to light, |
| ANS | transmits information from the body’s smooth muscles and organs to the CNS, and vice versa. It’s responsible for activities that are usually considered involuntary, |
| Homologous area adaptation- neurplastucity type | when the right parietal lobe is damaged in childhood and the left parietal lobe takes over its visuospatial functions, the mathematical functions normally carried out by the left parietal lobe may be impaired |
| Map expansion- neuroplasticity type | This type of neuroplasticity often occurs when people are learning and practicing a new skill such as playing a musical instrument |
| Compensatory masquerade- neuroplasticity type | For instance, when people lose their spatial sense (sense of direction) as the result of a brain injury, they may rely on memorizing landmarks to get from one place to another |
| Dopamine | excessive level in the caudate nucleus has been linked to Tourette’s disorder. And, according to the dopamine hypothesis, schizophrenia is due to high levels of dopamine or hyperactivity of dopamine receptors |
| Mesolimbic dopa pathway | It’s an essential part of the brain’s “reward circuit” and plays a role in the reinforcing effects of cocaine, amphetamines, nicotine, alcohol, opiates, and other substances of abuse |
| Mesocortical dopa pathway | begins in the ventral tegmental area and ends in the prefrontal cortex. It’s involved in emotion, motivation, and executive cognitive functions |
| Individuals with Wernicke’s aphasia have: | impaired comprehension of spoken and written language and fluent speech that’s devoid of meaning. |
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