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AP PSYCH
Unit 1 test: 9-20 (without perspectives)
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| date that psychology gets official form of study | 1879 |
| psychology def | scientific study of behavior due to mental processes |
| why did they add 'mental processes' to psychology defintion | x-rays and modern medicine |
| nature meaning | most ideas, thoughts, traits, etc are passed down genetically (Plato and Socrates) |
| nurture meaning | mind was a 'blank slate' and experience writes it (Aristotle) |
| phrenology | study of bumps on head to determine mental, physical, and emotions of a person |
| pseudoscience | cannot be scientifically proven (astrology) |
| APA | american psychological association ethics in psychological research on humans and animals |
| human rules for APA (5) | no deception/coercion no risk of long term mental/physical harm informed consent anonymity debriefing |
| animals rules for APA(4) | clear, scientific purpose must care for the animals obtain animals legally least amount of suffering |
| naturalistic observation | behavior is observed in natural setting key is to not let them know you're watching |
| survey method | questionnaires and/or interviews that are used to gather information |
| why survey method is the worst | small return rate ensures sample is not representative |
| why survey method is the best | reach large amount of people with little cost |
| correlation method | estimate degree of relationships between two variables cannot go over 1 and the closer the relationship to 1 is the better correlation it has |
| scatter plots | positive means both variables both either increase and decrease negative means one variable is going up and one is going down random plots means there's no correlation |
| illusory correlation | no correlation statistically but linked together by coincidences |
| descriptive statistics | use of numerical data to measure groups |
| inferential statistics | using statistical methods to make inferences about groups |
| mean | average of all the numbers |
| median | middle numbers when the numbers are in ORDER ex) 1, 3, 4, 5 ,6 median = 4 ex) 1, 3, 4, 5, 5, 6 median = 4+5/2 |
| mode | the number repeated the most ex) 1, 1, 3, 5, 1, 7, 7 mode= 1 |
| standard deviation | how spread out the data set is |
| range | difference between highest and lowest number in data set |
| variance | standard deviation ^2 |
| outlier | out of the norm |
| percentages in normal distribution curve | 34, 13, 2 |
| z-scores | -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 |
| statistically significant | if 2+ variable interact more than probability |
| sigmund freud | behavior is due to the unconscious processes |
| unconscious mind | thoughts, desires, and conflicts |
| 3 ways to learn about the unconscious mind | listen for slips of the tongue studying dreams odd behavior |
| iceberg theory | freud metaphor for personality, people only see the tip of the iceberg |
| super ego | conscious, right vs. wrong 'little angel' |
| ego | reality principle |
| id | immediate gratification (instincts) 'little devil' |
| case study | experiment or research on one person and then you try to imply results to the rest of the population |
| experiment | only research method capable of showing cause and effect |
| hypothesis | a statement that can be tested |
| operational definition | a description of something in the terms of the operations by which it could be observed or measured |
| independent variable | one that the experimenter changes/ manipulates |
| dependent variable | measured variable the the independent variable influences |
| confounding variables | any variable besides independent variable that could influence outcome of experiment |
| types of confounding variables (4) | response bias- politically correct /uses cues to give appropriate answers subject bias- must have random assignment situation bias- conditions have to be the same (light, temp, noise) experimenter bias- unconsciously treats subjects different |
| experimental group | the ones that receive the independent variable |
| control group | no treatment given or given a placebo |
| placebo | substance that has no affect |
| population | larger groups of animals or people from which samples are drawn |
| sample | set of subjects drawn from population |
| random sampling | choosing random subjects from population VITAL |
| empirical | based on, concerned with, or verifiable by observation or experience rather than theory or pure logic |
| applied psychology | use of psychological methods and findings of scientific psychology to solve practical problems of human and animal behavior/experience |
| wilhelm wundt | father of modern psychology distinguished psychology as science from philosophy and biology |
| psychiatrist | medical practitioner specializing in the diagnosis and treatment of mental illness |
| reliability | measure of whether something stays the same |
| validity | quality of being logically or factually sound |
| wording effects | phrasing of question may affect the subject's answer ex) not knowing word's meaning |
Created by:
stella_koe
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