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EPPP Psych disor 1
EPPP disorders study
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Schizophreniform | requires at least 2/5 charact symptoms for at least 1month but less than six months, w/at least one symptom being delusions, hallucinations, or disorganized speech |
| Brief psychotic disorder | presence of one or more of four characteristic symptoms for at least one day but less than one month, with at least one symptom being delusions, hallucinations, or disorganized speech. |
| Illusions | illusions, which occur when “an actual external stimulus is misperceived or misinterpreted” . Vs hallucinations-perception like |
| Schizophrenia | presence of an active phase - lasts at least one month and includes at least two of five characteristic symptoms, w at least one symptom being delusions, hallucinations, or disorgan speech. Must have signs ongoing at lst 6 months |
| Concordance schizophrenia | Parent6% Biological sib 9% Child of one parent w/ schizophrenia13% Dizygotic (fraternal) twin17% Child of two parents with schizophrenia46% Monozygotic (identical) twin 48% |
| Schizophrenia cause | Neurotransmitters that have been linked to schizophrenia include dopamine, glutamate, and serotonin. Positive symptoms of schizophrenia are due to dopamine hyperactivity in Subcort. Negative -Hypoaroused DA in PFC |
| Comorbid w schizophrenia | Common comorbid conditions include anxiety disorders, OCD, and tobacco use disorder. Studies have found 70 to 85% of individuals w schizophrenia are tobacco users. |
| Schizophrenia onset | psychotic symp of schizophrenia usually first appear betn the late teens and early 30s. peak age of onset being in the early- to mid-20s for males. late-20s for females. Psychotic sym often decrease w/increasing age, neg/cog symptoms persist |
| Schizophrenia prognosis | anosognosia (a lack of insight into or awareness of one’s disorder) is associated w non-adherence to treatment, elevated risk for relapse. |
| Treatment resistant schizophrenia | The SGA clozapine has been found to be the most effective antipsychotic for treatment-resistant schizophrenia |
| Schizoaffective | requires concurrent symptoms of schizophrenia and a major depressive or manic episode for most of the duration of the illness, but w the presence of delusions or hallucinations for two or more weeks w/o mood symptoms. |
| Delusional disorder | one or more delusions for a duration of at least 1 month and the person’s overall functg has not been markedly impaired except for any direct effects of the delusion. 5 types |
| A manic episode | irritable mood, increased activity/energy for at least 1week. 3+ characteristic sym (inflated self-esteem, grandiosity, decreased need for sleep, flightideas). Impairment in functioning, hospitalization to avoid harm or the presence of psychotic feat |
| Hypomanic episode | increased activity or energy; and three or more symptoms of mania for at least four consecutive days. Symptoms are not severe enough to cause marked impairment in functioning or a need for hospitalization and do not include psychotic features. |
| Major depressive episode | 5+ characteristic symptoms with at least one symptom being depressed mood or loss of interest or pleasure in most or all activities. Symptoms last for at least two weeks. Fxn impaired |
| Bipolar 1 | at least one manic episode that may or may not have been preceded or followed by one or more major depressive or hypomanic episodes |
| Bipolar 2 | at least one hypomanic episode and at least one major depressive episode. |
| Cyclothymic disorder | requires numerous periods of hypomanic symptoms that do not meet the criteria for a hypomanic episode and numerous periods of depres symp that do not meet the criteria for a major depressive episode. The minimum duration of 1yr adults is 2 years kids |
| Bipolar links in brain | include norepinephrine, serotonin, dopamine, and glutamate. structural and functional abnormalities have been found in the prefrontal cortex, amygdala, hippocampus, and basal ganglia. Circadian rhythm irregularities |
| ADHD differs from bipolar | ADHD in adults is characterized by a labile, dysphoric mood; reduced self-esteem; distractibility due to wandering (but not acceleration) of thoughts; and fatigue and discomfort after a loss of sleep. |
| Treating bipolar | lithium is usually most effective for “classic bipolar disorder” which is characterized by a low likelihood ofmixed mood states and rapid cycling, long periods of recovery between episodes, and an onset between 15 and 19 years of age |
| Atypical bipolar treatment | anticonvulsant drugs ( carbamazepine, valproic acid) 2nd gen antipsychotic drugs- most effective for “atypical bipolar disorder,”.characterized by mixed mood states, rapid cycling, a lack of full recovery betw episodes, onset bet 10 and 15 years of age |
| MDD diagnosis | requires five or more symptoms of a major depressive episode for at least two weeks with at least one symptom being depressed mood or loss of interest or pleasure in most or all activities |
| Persistent depressive disorder | depressed mood with two or more characteristic symptoms (e.g., poor appetite or overeating, insomnia or hypersomnia, feelings of hopelessness) for at least two years in adults or one year in children and adolescents |
| Disruptive mood dysregulation syndrome | for at least 12 months of severe /recurrent temper outbursts that are verbal and/or behavioral, grossly out of proportion to the situaor provocation, and occur 3+ times each week; and (b) a persistently irritable or angry mood that is observable daily |
| MDD peripartum onset | when the onset of symptoms occurs during pregnancy or the 4 weeks after delivery. Up to 80% of women experience “baby blues” after the birth of their children, about 9% of pregnant women experience a major depressive episode between conception and birth |
| Mdd birth to 12 month’s percentage? | just below 7% experience a major depressive episode between birth and 12 months postpartum. Cognitive-behavioral therapy and interpersonal therapy |
| MDD seasonal specifier | symptoms include hypersomnia, overeating, weight gain, and a craving for carbohydrates. It’s been linked to a lower-than-normal level of serotonin and a higher-than-normal level of melatonin |
| Gender and depression | female adolescents and adults having a rate that is 1.5 to 3 times higher than the rate for male adolescents and adults. |
| Depression neurotransmitter link | depression is related to low levels of serotonin, dopamine, and norepinephrine. Depression has also been associated with abnormalities in the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, which plays an important role in the body’s reaction to stress |
| Depression and pfc | studies have found that depression is associated with abnormally high levels of activity in the ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC) and abnormally low levels of activity in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (dlPFC) |
| Lewinsohn’s (1974) social reinforcement theory | describes depression as the result of a low rate of response-contingent reinforcement for social behaviors due to a lack of reinforcement in the environment and/or poor social skills. This results in social isolation, low self-esteem |
| Hopelessness theory-seligs learned helplessness | describes a sense of hopelessness as the proximal and sufficient cause of depression which, in turn, is the result of exposure to negative events and a negative cognitive style |
| Becks cognitive theory | attributes depression to a negative cognitive triad that consists of negative thoughts about oneself, the world, and the future. |
| Adhd | ADHD involves a pattern of inattention and/or hyperactivity-impulsivity that has persisted for at least six months, had an onset before 12 years of age, is present in at least two settings |
| ADHD facts | the most prevalent diagnosed disorder among youth ages 3 to 17 years ). is two times more common in males than females during childhood, but the gender difference decreases somewhat in adulthood |
| ADHD comorbidity in children | most studies have found oppositional defiant disorder to be the most common comorbid disorder followed by, in order, conduct disorder, an anxiety disorder, and a depressive disorder |
| ADHD in the brain | reduced total brain volume w smaller-than-normal volumes in the prefrontal cortex, striatum, corpus callosum, cerebellum low levels of dopamine and norepinephrine have most consistently been identified as contributors to the cognitive and behavioral sym |
| ADHD concordance | is one of the most heritable psychiatric disorders, with the mean heritability estimate across twin studies being 76%. 71% monozygotic and 41% dizygotic twins. linked to low birth weight, premature birth, mom smokingalcohol use duri pregnancy. |
| Drug research and adhd | while ADHD in childhood has been linked to an increased risk for substance use problems in adolescence and adulthood, the research suggests this link is not due to treatment with a psychostimulant |
| Tourette’s | requires at least one vocal tic and multiple motor tics that may occur together or at different times, may wax and wane in frequency but have persisted for more than one year, and had an onset before 18 years of age. |
| persistent (chronic) motor or vocal tic disorder | requires one or more motor or vocal tics that have persisted for more than one year and began before age 18. provisional tic disorder requires one or more motor and/or vocal tics that have been present for less than one year and began before age 18. |
| Tic facts | The onset of tics is typically between four and six years of age, and the severity of tics ordinarily peaks between 10 and 12 years of age ). The tic disorders often co-occur with other psychiatric disorders, with ADHD |
| Tourette’s brain and meds | has been linked to dopamine overactivity, a smaller-than-normal caudate nucleus, and heredity. Treatment may include an antipsychotic drug (e.g., haloperidol) and medication for comorbid conditions |
| Communication disorders | includes one or more of 7 symptoms: sound and syllable repetitions, sound prolongations, broken words, audible/silent blocking, circumlocutions, words prono wexcessive physical tension, monosyllawhole-word repetitions. onset is between 2-7 years of age. |
| Communication disorder prognosis | Sixty-five to 85% of children recover from dysfluency, with the severity of symptoms at age eight being a good predictor of persistence or recovery. The treatment-of-choice is habit reversal training |
| Specific learning disorder | difficulties related to academic skills.presence of at least one of six symptoms that last for at least six months despite the use of interventions that address difficulties: read, write ,math 5-15% kids dyslexia #1 |
| Intellectual disability | individuals with this disorder ordinarily obtain a score that is two or more standard deviations below the population mean on a standardized intelligence test. A specifier is used mild, moderate, severe, or profound, based on adaptive functioning |
| Causes intellectual disability | Cause known 25 -50% of all cases. Of known etiology- 80-85% prenatal factors ( chromosomal and other genetic causes), 5 to 10% perinatal (asphyxia), 5-10% postnatal. chromosomal -Down’s synd then fragile X synd. prevent prenatal cause fetal alc synd |
| Autism spectrum | the presence of (a) deficits in social communication and social interaction across multiple contexts and (b) restrictive and repetitive patterns of behaviors, interests, and activities. Early dev diagnosis |
| Autism prognosis | prognosis is best when the person has an IQ over 70, functional language skills by age five, and an absence of comorbid mental health problems. |
| ASD prevalence | from 1 to 2% of the population. It is diagnosed three to four times more often in males than in females. The etiology of ASD is unknown, but it is believed to be due to multiple genetic and non-genetic factors. |
| ASD risk factors | 69 to 95%, while rates for dizygotic twins range from 0 to 24% (Ray, 2021). Non-genetic risk factors include male gender, birth before 26 weeks of gestation, advanced parental age, and exposure to certain environmental toxins during prenatal development |
| Autism biological research | larger-than-normal head / increased brain volume and weight during that period. Abnormalities have also been found in the cerebellum, corpus callosum, and amygdala. Low brain serotonin , high blood 5ht |
| Reactive Attachment Disorder | persistent pattern of inhibited and emotionally withdrawn behavior toward adult caregivers. 2 symptoms. At least 5 yrs (9 Mont devl). Insufficient care. |
| Disinhibited Social Engagement Disorder: | 2/4 symptoms. inappropriate interactions with unfamiliar adults, history of extreme insufficient, developmentally 9 months. |
| Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) | symptoms must have lasted for more than one month, cause significant distress, exposure death. 4 areas: Intrusion, avoiding, mood, arousal. |
| PTSD brain biology | hyperactive amygdala /anter cingulate, a hypoactive ventromedial prefrontal cortex, and a reduced volume of the hippocampus. increased levels and activity of dopamine, norepinephrine, and glutamate and decreased levels and activity of serotonin and GABA |
| ptsd adult treatment | cognitive-behavior therapy, cognitive processing therapy,prolonged exposure, sari or snri Telepsych= face therapy |
| Acute stress disorder | or threatened death, severe injury, or sexual violation. The person must also have at least nine symptoms from any of five categories for 1 month to 3 days. |
| Prolonged grief disorder | death of a person close to the bereaved person (the patient) at least 12 months ago for adults and 6 months ago for children and adolescents, preoccupation, 3+/8 symptoms nearly every day for at least the previous month |
| Dissociative Amnesia | inability to recall important personal information, canbe trauma. localized (no recall all events during a period of time), selective (recall some events), general (lost memory entire life), systematized (loss specific category), continuous (new events). |
| Depersonalization/Derealization Disorder: | persistent or recurrent episodes of depersonalization (a sense of unreality, detachment, or being an outside observer of one’s thoughts, actions) or derealization (a sense of unreality or detachment w one’s surroundings) accompanied by reality testing |
| Somatic Symptom Disorder | one or more somatic symptoms that are distressing, associated health concerns as indicated by the presence of at least one of the following: disproportionate or persistent thoughts about the seriousness of the symptoms. 6 months |
| Illness anxiety disorder | preoccupation with having a serious illness with no or mild somatic symptoms, excessive anxiety about health, and either excessive health-related behaviors or avoidance of health care. Symptoms must be present for at least six months |
| Functional Neurological Symptom Disorder (Conversion Disorder) | one or more symptoms that involve a disturbance in voluntary motor or sensory functioning (e.g., paralysis, blindness. can involve psychogenic non-epileptic seizures. EEG doesn't match seizure |
| factitious | They present themselves to others as being ill or impaired and engage in the deception even when there’s no obvious external reward for doing so. Factitious disorder imposed on another has the same symptoms |
| Factitious and memory | genuine memory loss, the beginning and end of the amnestic period are gradual/hazy,remember fragments of some events. In contrast, for people with feigned memory loss, the onset and termination of the amnestic period are often sudden. Test of men maling |
| Malingering tests | forced-choice method has been found useful for detecting malingering.people who are malingering will answer items incorrectly at a higher rate than would be expected by chance alone. 50$ or more= malingering |
| Suspect malingering | a person seeks a medical evaluation for legal reasons, there’s a marked discrepancy between the person’s symptoms and objective findings, the person is uncooperative with evaluation or treatment, and antisocial personality disorder. Test pattern atypical |
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