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UTS
UNIT I: THE SELF FROM VARIOUS PERSPECTIVES
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| etymological definition of philosophy? | "love of wisdom" |
| _____ employs the inquisitive mind to discover the ultimate causes, reasons, and principles of everything. It goes beyond scientific investigation by exploring all areas of knowledge such as religion, psychology, politics, physics, and even medicine. | Philosophy |
| Socrates reminds us to "______," a translation of an ancient Greek aphorism gnothi Seauton | know thyself |
| knowing one's degree of understanding about the world and knowing one's capabilities and potentials. It is only through this that one's self emerges. discovered, something to work on and not a realization. | Self knowledge (for Socrates) |
| Socrates argued that a person's acceptance of ignorance is a springboard for the acquisition of knowledge later on. So, one must first have the humility to acknowledge his or her ignorance so as to acquire knowledge. | knowledge is virtue and ignorance is vice |
| “The only true wisdom is in knowing you know nothing.” | Socrates (wisdom) |
| For Socrates, every man is composed of ____ and ____ | body; soul |
| An ancient Greek philosopher who was a student of Socrates and a teacher of Aristotle, He produced a substantial body of work that became the basis for western thought. | Plato |
| three components of the soul | the rational soul, the spirited soul, and the appetitive soul |
| Plato magnum opus | "The Republic" |
| rational soul | forged by reason and intellect has to govern the affairs of the human person |
| spirited soul | in charge of emotions should be kept at bay |
| appetitive soul | in charge of basic desires like eating, drinking, sleeping, and having sex are controlled as well. When this ideal state is attained, then the human person's soul becomes just and virtuous |
| In terms of the concept of the self, Plato was one of the first philosophers who believed in an _____ self that is represented by the soul. | enduring |
| Plato argued that the soul is _____ and ________, because even after death, the soul continues to exist. | eternal and constitutes the enduring self |
| view of the human person reflects the entire spirit of the medieval world when it comes to man. | St. Augustine |
| Following the ancient view of Plato and infusing it with the newfound doctrine of Christianity, Augustine agreed that man is of a ______. | bifurcated nature |
| The goal of every human person is to attain this communion and bliss with the Divine by living his life on earth in virtue. | St. Augustine Philosophy |
| The body is bound to die on earth and the ___ is to anticipate living eternally in a realm of spiritual bliss in communion with God. | bound to die on earth and soul |
| Augustine's body and soul | body - can only thrive in the imperfect, physical reality that is the world soul - can also stay after death in an eternal realm with the all transcendent God |
| Augustine's work where he takes this idea and expands it into an entire genre that critically inquires what it means to be a person. | Confessions |
| Father of Modern Philosophy conceived of the human person as having a body and a mind | Rene Descartes |
| Rene Descartes famous treatise | The Meditations of First Philosophy |
| Descartes thought that the only thing that one cannot doubt is the___________, for even if one doubts oneself, that only proves that there is a __________, a thing that thinks and therefore, that cannot be doubted. | existence of the self; doubting self |
| Rene's famous philosophy | cogito ergo sum, "I think therefore, I am." |
| The self then for Descartes is also a combination of two distinct entities, the _______, the thing that thinks, which is the mind, and the ______ or _______ of the mind, which is the body. | cogito; extenza or extension |
| o acknowledge him, Filipinos have a unique term, "______," a derivative of the surname of Descartes, which denotes finding a way or making things possible. | diskarte |
| It has always been in that sequence. Everything starts with a thought. Humans think first about doing something and then do it. | Thought (mind) always precedes action (body). |
| John Locke's main philosophy about personal identity or the self is founded on | consciousness or memory. |
| For Locke, consciousness is the | perception of what passes in a Man's own mind. |
| "Identity and Diversity” in An Essay Concerning Human Understanding (1689) | John Locke's works |
| John Locke | he supports that consciousness can be transferred from one substance (body and soul) to another. The Prince and the Cobbler |
| Locke’s other remarkable contribution was the notion of | tabula rasa - posits that everyone started as a blank slate, and the content is provided by one's experiences over time. |
| The self is not an entity over and beyond the physical body. | David Hume's belief of self |
| _____ is the school of thought that espouses the idea that knowledge can only be possible if it is sensed and experienced. | Empiricism |
| To David Hume, the self is nothing else but a bundle of _____ | impressions |
| _______ are the basic objects of our experience or sensation. They therefore form the core of our thoughts. Vivid because they are products of our direct experience with the world. | Impressions |
| __________, on the other hand, are copies of impressions. Because of this they are not as lively and vivid as our impressions. When one imagines the feeling of being in love for the first time . | Ideas |
| Hume's materialism views the soul as a ______________. | product of the imagination |
| For David Hume, there is no self as a mental entity for “____________________________…” | “what we call a mind is nothing but a heap or collection of different perceptions…” |
| Hume's self is ______ | bundle of perceptions (objects of the mind) of interrelated events |
| “a bundle or collection of different perceptions, which succeed each other with an inconceivable rapidity, and are in a perpetual flux and movement”. | Self according to Hume |
| German philosopher Immanuel Kant theorized that consciousness is formed by one's -_____ and _______. | inner; outer sense |
| Inner Sense Outer Sense | - comprised of one's psychological state - consists of one's senses and the physical world. |
| Consciousness of oneself and of one's psychological state (or inner sense) was referred to by Kant as | empirical self- consciousness |
| consciousness of oneself and of one's state via acts of apperception is called | transcendental apperception |
| is the faculty that allows for application of concepts. | Apperception |
| Consciousness being unified, Kant argued, is the _________________ | central feature of the mind |
| Freud emphasized the inner dynamics of unconscious motives. He asserted that the sex urges in the unconscious constitute the main human drive. | This is known as the “libido” theory. |
| Two Kinds of Biological Instincts | Eros or life instinct Thanatos or death instinct |
| helps the individual survive; directs life-sustaining activities. Ex. respiration, eating, sex | Eros or life instinct |
| viewed as the destructive forces present in all human beings. Ex. destructive acts like arson, murder, war | Thanatos or death instinct |
| Three fundamental structures of the human mind by Sigmund Freud: | the id, ego, and superego. |
| id | most primitive of the three structures, is concerned with instant gratification of basic physical needs and urges without fear of consequences nor regard for discipline or control. It is unconscious level. |
| What is an id dominated person? | he is aggressive, self centered, sadistic, arrogant and ambitious for himself alone. |
| superego | -Moral Arm of Personality or obey the morality principle. -concerned with social rules and morals. - the conscience. - It develops as a child learns what their culture considers right and wrong. |
| ego | the rational, pragmatic part of our personality. less primitive than the id and is partly conscious and partly unconscious. - the self - balance the demands of the id and superego in the practical context of reality. |
| Freud's Three Levels of Mind | The conscious mind The preconscious mind The unconscious mind |
| _______, a British philosopher, opposed Rene Descartes that the self is a "thinking thing." | Gilbert Ryle |
| Giblert Ryle theory is called_________________________-a theory of mind which states that mental concepts can be understood through observable events. | logical behaviorism or analytical behaviorism |
| In his work Concept of Mind (1949), he described Descartes’ mind-body dualism as "_____________." | "ghost in the machine." |
| Ryle's concept of the self | the self is a combination of the mind and the body. |
| Ryle also posited the maxim | "I act, therefore I am." |
| Paul Churchland and Patricia Churchland | both neuroscientists, introduced eliminative materialism-"a radical claim that ordinary, common sense understanding of the mind is deeply wrong and that some or all of the mental states posited by common sense do not actually exist" |
| For the Churchlands, self is nothing else but brain, or simply, the self is contained entirely within the __________. | physical brain |
| Patricia Churchland's book | Touching a Nerve: The Self as Brain |
| a French phenomenological philosopher who asserts that the mind-body bifurcation that has been going on for a long time is a futile endeavor and an invalid problem. | Maurice Merleau-Ponty |
| The living body, his thoughts, emotions, and experiences are all one. | Belief of Maurice Merleau-Ponty |
| Maurice Merleau-Ponty distinguished the body into two types: | the subjective body, as lived and experienced, and the objective body, as observed and scientifically investigated. |
| "I am my body" | Philosophy of Ponty |
| He is regarded as the Father of Modern Philosophy. | Rene Descartes |
| He postulates that the human mind at birth is a blank slate or tabula rasa | John Locke |
| According to Plato, the ______ soul seeks truth and is swayed by facts and arguments. | rational |
| What main categories did Hume use to describe mental perceptions? | impressions and ideas |
| The first philosopher to engage in systematic questioning about the self. | Socrates |
| William James Theory of Self | James described two aspects or categories of the self that he termed the “I” Self and “Me” Self. |
| “I” Self | responsible for the thinking and makes awareness and self-awareness possible. |
| An individual turns himself or herself into a “__” Self when he or she makes himself or herself the object of his or her own thinking. | “Me” Self |
| James claims that in understanding the self, the self can be contextualized in three categories: | the constituents of the self; the feelings and emotions they arouse (self-feelings): and the actions they prompt (self-seeking). |
| Constituents of the self | refer to the further sub-categories of the self including the material self, social self, and spiritual self. |
| The second category of the self refers to the ______________ in the individual because of his or her knowledge and appraisal of his or her empirical existence in the world. | feelings and emotions aroused |
| The third category refers to the ____________- the effort of every individual to preserve and improve oneself based on one's self-knowledge and resulting self-feelings. | actions the self prompts |
| According to James, these sub-categories are related in a hierarchical way, with ________ at the bottom, the ____________ at the top, and the ___________ in between. Together, they constitute what James calls the ___________ | material self spiritual self social self empirical self |
| The Material Self | Consists of things that belong to us or that we belong to. Things like family, clothes, our body, and money are some of what makes up our material selves. It refers to tangible objects, people, or places that carry the designation my or mine. |
| Two subclasses of the material self | bodily self and the extracorporeal (beyond the body/extended) self |
| The Social Self. | refers to how we are regarded and recognized by others. |
| Spiritual Self. | who we are at our core. more concrete or permanent than the other two selves. our subjective and most intimate self. our inner self or our psychological self. It is comprised of our self-perceived abilities, attitudes, emotions, interests, values, mo |
| Carl Rogers's Self Theory | believed that the self does not exist at birth; it is developed gradually during childhood wherein one differentiates the self from non-self. |
| Carl Rogers believed that we all own ________ self and an ________ self. | real self and an ideal self. |
| According to William James, it is classified as the thinking self or it refers to individuals’ reflections about themselves. | D. “Me” self |
| It is the self we aspire to be or who we want to be. A. ideal self B. actual self C. real self D. true self | A. ideal self |
| Which of William James’ three components of the self is based on all the physical elements that reflect who you are? A. material self B. social self C. spiritual self D. political self | A. material self |
| John is an introvert and a pessimist. He hopes to become an optimist and a more sociable person someday. This happy and positive person that John wants to become is his image of the: A. real self B. ideal self C. self-image D. false self | B. ideal self |
| A subclass of material self that represents our psychological ownership. A. bodily self B. political self C. extended self D. social self | C. extended self |
| Sociologist George Herbert Mead argued that | the self is not biological but social. |
| George Mead's Social Self | Self is constructed by directly engaging in the world through interaction and through reflections on those interactions. |
| What are roles? | They are constellations of behaviors that are responses to sets of behaviors of other human beings. |
| Role playing | involves taking the attitudes or perspectives of others. |
| A role-taking (self) consciousness of this sort makes possible what might be called a _______, but not a self, because it doesn't have the complexity necessary to give rise to a self. | proto-self |
| How then does a self arise? | the generalized other. |
| What is the generalized other. | The organized community or social group which gives to the individual his unity of self may be called |
| True or False. The attitude of the generalized other is the attitude of the whole community. | true |
| three stages of development | preparatory stage (0-3 years old) play stage (3 to 5 years old) game stage (begins in the early school years; about 8 or 9 years old) |
| Children imitate the people around them, especially family members with whom they have daily interaction. They have no sense of self. | preparatory stage (0-3 years old) |
| play stage (3 to 5 years old) | children view themselves in relation to others as they learn to communicate through lang and other symbols. At this stage, role-taking is exhibited; however, children do not perceive role-taking as something expected of them. The self is developing. |
| game stage (begins in the early school years; about 8 or 9 years old) | understand not only their own social position but also those of others around them. During this stage, the self is now present. |
| "I" Self of Mead | s the phase of the self that is unsocialized and spontaneous. It is the acting part of the self, an immediate response to other people. It represents the self that is free and unique. It is the subjective part of the self. |
| "Me" Self of Mead | the self that results from the progressive stages of role playing or role taking and the perspective one assumes to view and analyze one's own behaviors. It is the organization of the internalized attitude of others. |
| True or False. "I" Self of Mead represents the conventional and objective part of the self. | False. It's "Me" Self |
| Agents of Socialization | The Family The Media Peers Religion Schools |
| The organized community or social group which gives to the individual his unity of self. A. significant others B. generalized others C. society D. looking glass self | B. generalized others |
| He proposed the theory of social self. A. Carl Rogers B. William James C. George Herbert Mead D. Charles Horton Cooley | C. George Herbert Mead |
| During this stage, the self emerges as children pretend to take the roles of specific people or significant others A. game stage B. preparatory stage C. imitation age D. play stage | D. play stage |
| It is considered the socialized aspect of the individual and represents learned behaviors, attitudes, and expectations of others and of society. A. “ME” self B. “I” self C. “WE” self D. “US” self | A. “ME” self |
| During this stage, there is no sense of self. A. play B. game C. preparatory D. role-taking | C. preparatory |
| ___________ is the study of human culture and society. It is the study of people – their origin, their development, and contemporary variations, wherever and whenever those have been found (Ferraro, 2008). | Cultural Anthropology |
| refers to the major way in which human beings adapt to their environment and give meaning to their lives. It includes human behavior and ideas that are learned rather than genetically transmitted. | Culture |
| ___________ explores the role that selfhood plays in defining human society, and each human individual in that society. | Origins of Self |
| - has explored various meanings of culture, self and identity to better understand the self. - holds a holistic view of human nature. It is considered with how cultural and biological processes interact to shape the self. | Anthropology |
| an Anthropology professor - He mentioned that Anthropology have emphasized that culture is not behavior itself but the shared understanding that guide behavior and are expressed in behavior. | James L. Peacock |
| Culture and self are complementary concepts that are to be understood in relation to one another. | Contemporary Anthropology |
| Who am I? (according to anthropology) | nature ( genetic inheritance ) and nurture (sociocultural environment ) |
| Culture according to Edward Burnett Tylor | that complex whole which includes knowledge, belief, art, morals, laws, customs and any other capabilities and habits acquired by men as a member of society. |
| Martin Sokefeld | Culture and self thus become complementary concepts that have to be understood in relation to one another. |
| Two ways in which the concept of self is viewed in different societies: | egocentric Sociocentric |
| suggests that each person is defined as a replica of all humanity but capable of acting independently from others. | egocentric |
| the self is viewed as dependent on the situation or setting. | Sociocentric |
| Three phased Rite of Passage | Seperation --> Liminality --> Incorporation |
| Three phased Rite of Passage : Seperation | people detach from their former identity to another STUDENT |
| Three phased Rite of Passage : Liminality | his is the transition stage from one identity to another Graduation; Finding a job |
| Three phased Rite of Passage : Incorporation | the reintegration stage which an individual is reintroduced into society in his or her new position Worker/ Employee |
| - There are some cases that an individual disagree on their respective identities. Wallace and Raymond Fogelson named this case as - discrepancy between the identity a person claims to possess and the identity attributed to that person by others. | Identity Struggle |
| this happens when values and moral principles of an individual become relatively determined by politics or ideology | Identity Crisis |
| To attain self-identification, individuals have to overcome many obstacles such as traditionally established habits and extremely self-images. | Zagorka Golubović |
| Toon van Meijl, suggests that in order to maintain a relatively stable and coherent self, members of the multicultural society have no choice internalize divergent culture and reject/suppress identification that conflict with other self-presentation. | Cognitive Anthropology |
| - We continuously reconstitute ourselves into new selves in response to internal and external stimuli. Therefore, the continuity of the self is only illusory. - Most important philosophical task of the postmodern man today is to “work on yourself” | Illusion of Wholeness by Katherine Pratt Ewing |
| Man is an animal suspended in web of significance he himself has spun Web are perceived to be symbolic of culture | The Self as Embedded in Culture by Max Weber |
| considered human beings as cultural animals as they create the meaning of objects, persons, behavior, emotions and events and behave in accordance with meanings they assume to be true. | The Self as Embedded in Culture by Stephen R. Robbins |
| ________________ exist when groups of people assign different meanings to different life events and things. Therefore, the self is embedded/ attached in culture | Cultural Difference |
| Clifford Geertz in “The Impact of the Concept of Culture on the Concept of Man” states that “. . . | culture provides the link between what men are intrinsically capable of becoming and what they actually, one by one, in fact become.” |
| Individualist cultures | tend to believe that independence, competition, and personal achievement are important. |
| collectivist cultures | value social harmony, respectfulness, and group needs over individual needs. |
| Western Culture is what we would call an _________________ | individualistic culture |
| Asian culture, on the other hand _________________ | collectivistic culture |
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