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PSC100 Chapter 4
External Attention
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| ambiguity resolution theory of visual selective attention | the theory that, because activations within the visual system can support multiple perceptual interpretations, attention helps resolve such ambiguities |
| attention | a family of cognitive mechanisms that combine to help us select, modulate, and sustain focus on information that might be most relevant for behavior |
| attentional bias | an often involuntary tendency to attend to a particular type of (often emotional) stimulus |
| attentional bias modification | a therapeutic approach aiming to help people reduce maladaptive biases to attend to clinically relevant stimuli |
| attentional blink | failure to see the second of two targets in a rapid succession of items when it appears soon after the first target |
| attentional capture | involuntary (reflexive) grabbing of attention by certain kinds of stimuli |
| attenuator model of attention | theoretical model proposed by Anne Treisman, in which meaningful information needs to meet a lower threshold of processing in order to reach awareness |
| biased competition model of attention | model of attention in which visual stimuli falling within the same receptive field compete with each other, and in which attention biases the competition in favor of one over the other |
| binding problem | the challenge of figuring out which visual features in the environment combine together to form cohesive perceptions of objects |
| blindsight | the condition in which a patient who has suffered damage to the visual cortex (eg. stroke) is able to respond to and localize visual stimuli that they report no being able to see |
| bottom-up selection | attentional selection driven by the salience of the physical features in the external environment |
| broaden-and-build theory | the theory that positive emotions widen the range of info people readily consider and attend to |
| capacity-limited | referring to mind's ability of being able to handle only limited amounts of info at a time |
| change blindness | failure to notice often large changes from one view to the next |
| cocktail party problem | an analogy referring to people's ability to attend to one channel of information while ignoring others that impinge on the senses |
| conjunction | in attention and perception, a combination of features, such as color and shape, that distinguish a target stimulus |
| contextual cueing | learning where to attend and what to expect based on statistical regularities in past experiences |
| continuous performance task | an experimental task in which participants are required to stay focused for a prolonged period |
| covert attention | attention directed in a manner that is not outwardly observable |
| dichotic listening | experimental task in which participants listen to two diff messages played simultaneously over headphones |
| dot probe task | experimental task in which participants respond quickly to a target (dot) that could appear in one of two locations, and where an emotional or personally relevant stimulus may precede the target at the target or non-target location |
| early selection | in attention, the theory that we attentionally select stimuli on the basis of physical features such as color, pitch, or location |
| emotion-induced blindess | the failure to see rapidly presented targets that appear right after a rapidly presented emotional non-target |
| endogenous (central) cue | a cue that engages VOLUNTARY attention and symbolically directs attention to a potential target location |
| exogenous (peripheral) cue | a cute that engages REFLEXIVE attention and can appear at one of multiple target locations, attracts attention to its LOCATION |
| explicit attention | attention resulting in conscious awareness measures of it usually rely on conscious report |
| external attention | attention directed outwardly to the world |
| eye tracking | a research tool whereby cameras track and record where participants are looking |
| feature integration theory | theory that focusing attention on an object causes its features to become bound (integrated) together and perceived as a cohesive object |
| feature-based attention | tuning of attention to prioritize features such as color, shape, or motion |
| filter model of attention | attention acts as a filter determining which info gains entry to more complex processing and which info gets excluded; in Broadbent's version, info is filtered based on "early" stimulus characteristics (pitch, loudness) |
| Gabor patches | versatile stimuli used in vision research, characterized by undulating dark and light stripes that can vary along dimensions such as orientation, contrast, and width |
| gist | the overall idea or meaning of a visual scene |
| implicit attention | attention that does not necessarily lead to conscious awareness; measured via response time, eye-movements, and other measures that do not rely on conscious report |
| inattentional blindness | failure to notice an unexpected item right in plain view when our attention is preoccupied |
| inhibition of return | short-lived suppression of information processing at a just-attended location |
| late selection | the theory that we process the meaning of everything around us before we select what will gain entry to heightened awareness |
| load theory | theory that the availability of mental resources to process info depends partly on the demands of an unattended task |
| masking | method of making a stimulus imperceptible |
| modulation | process by which attention affects perception of a stimulus |
| object-based attention | attention directed to an object rather than to a point in space |
| overt attention | attention directed by moving the eyes to the attended location |
| parallel processing | processing that occurs by taking in stimuli all at once |
| perceptual load | the perceptual demands of a task |
| Posner cueing task | experimental task used to reveal the movement of attention in space; participants respond to targets on a screen as quickly as they can, and attention can be directed towards or away from the target location by exogenous or endogenous cues |
| preattentive processing | the processing of information before it is attentionally selected |
| rapid serial visual presentation task | an experimental task in which participants try to find two targets in a very rapid sequence of items |
| receptive field | the area of the environment or body to which a neuron responds |
| reflexive attention | attention to a particular stimulus without actively choosing to attend to it |
| saccades | rapid eye movements |
| saliency map | across a field of view, areas with sharp visual contrast (yellow dandelion flower in a green lawn) are salient and draw attention |
| selection | the singling out of certain pieces of information among many |
| serial processing | processing that occurs by taking in items slowly, one at a time |
| shadowing | an experimental task in which participants repeat a message out loud as it is played to them |
| spatial attention | selection of a stimulus on the basis of location |
| spatial neglect | following a brain injury, the failure to process stimuli on one side of the visual field |
| temporal attention | ability to pay attention to points in time |
| top-down selection | stimulus selection driven by relevance to a goal |
| value-modulated attentional capture | the reflexive allocation of attention based on learned value |
| vigilance | related to sustained attention, a state of heightened attentional anticipation that enables people to better respond to stimuli before they appear |
| visual search task | experimental task in which participants look for a target embedded in an array of nontargets |
| voluntary attention | intentional effort to select goal-relevant information |
| working memory load | the working memory demands of a task |
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