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PSYCH 11 MIDTERMS
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| It is the study of inherited characteristics of heredity. | Behavior Genetics |
| What is the basic principle? | Physiology + environment + gene = behavior |
| Father of modern genetics | Gregor Johann Mendel |
| Mendel's tedious experiments resulted in the enunciation of two generalizations that later became known as the _________. | Laws of Heredity |
| Mendel's laws became the theoretical basis for ___________ and _________. | Modern Genetics and Heredity |
| Intelligence studies.... According to him that, in the study of cognitive abilities and intelligence, the approach should be heredity and statistics | Sir Francis Galton |
| Theory of Evolution, Survival of the Fittest, Natural Selection | Charles Darwin |
| It is the functional unit. | Gene |
| It is the actual carrier of genetic information | Gene |
| Genes are held together in an elongated strand called __________, and the whole structure is known as ________. | DNA, chromosome |
| This is a gene that carries the trait manifested, sucha s brown eyes, Hungtington's disease, neurological disorder | Dominant gene |
| This carries the trait, such as albinism, baldness | Recessive gene |
| determined by many genes working in combination | Polygenic |
| There are ___ chromosomes in the human reproductive system | 46 |
| These 46 chromosomes are divided into two groups of chromosomes: ____________ and __________. | somatic chromosomes, sex chromosomes |
| How many chromatic chromosomes & sex chromosomes are there? | 44 somatic chromosomes & 2 sex chromosomes |
| Sex chromosomes of males & females | Male: xy Female: xx |
| the physical representation of the chromosomes | Karyotype |
| This is due to additional x to number 21 | Down Syndrome |
| Down Syndrome is also known as ______________. | Trisomy 21 |
| Physical characteristics/symptoms of people with Down syndrome | small skul, an extra fold of skin at the inner corner of each eye, a flattened bridge of the nose |
| This is due to additional x to number 23 (XXY) | Klinefelter's Syndrome |
| Physical characteristics/symptoms of people with Klinefelter's Syndrome | typically tall, may have small testes, and slight breast development |
| Has only X and no Y or X (sex chromosomes). In this disorder, a female has one functioning X chromosome instead of two. In males, will result to retarded sexual development | Turner's Syndrome |
| Turner’s Syndrome is also known as _________. | Sexual Infantism |
| Physical characteristics/symptoms of females with Turner's Syndrome | typically short, with a thick, webbed neck |
| Two types of Twins | Identical twins or Monozygotic Fraternal Twins or dizygotic |
| when one ovum is ripened and released and the zygote splits into distinct parts in the early part of the cell division. As a result, they will resemble each other in all heredity traits | Identical twins or Monozygotic |
| - Non-identical - Due to the fertilization of two sperm cells - Not necessarily of the same sex | Fraternal Twins or dizygotic |
| Twin Study Method by _________________. | Francis Galton |
| Method by Francis Galton | Twin Study Method |
| Difference between identical twins | Experience |
| Difference between fraternal twins | Experience and Heredity |
| a network of cells that carries information to and from all parts of the body | Nervous System |
| Functions of the Nervous System | (1) Integration and Control of Body Processes (2) Integration and Control of Higher Mental Processes |
| Divisions of the Nervous System | (1) Central Nervous System (2) Peripheral Nervous System |
| Functional Unit of the Nervous System | Neuron |
| It is a specialized cell in the nervous system that receives and sends “electrical” message within the system | Neuron |
| Function Types of Neurons | (1) Motor Neuron (2) Sensory Neuron (3) Interneuron |
| CNS -> PNS via efferent nerves | Motor Neuron |
| PNS -> via afferent nerves | Sensory Neuron |
| transmission of messages between neurons | Interneuron |
| Parts of the Neuron | (1) Axon (2) Dendrite (3) Axon Terminals (4) Synaptic Vesicles or "Fluid-Filled Sac" |
| These are fatty substances that produce by certain glial cells that coat the axons of neurons to insulate, protect and speed up the neural impulse | Myelin Sheath |
| grey fatty cells that provide support the neurons to grow and around, deliver nutrients to neurons, produce myelin to coat axons, and clean up waste products and dead neurons | Glial Cells |
| are bundles of axons coated in myelin that travel together through the body | Nerves |
| Nerve Impulse Transmission Key Concept/Term It is when the membrane is in its restig membrane potential; negative inside and positive outisde of the membrane | Polarized State |
| Nerve Impulse Transmission Key Concept/Term Negatively charged ions | Anions |
| Nerve Impulse Transmission Key Concept/Term Positively charged ions | Cations |
| Nerve Impulse Transmission Key Concept/Term Chief extracellular ion | Sodium ion |
| Nerve Impulse Transmission Key Concept/Term Chief intracellular ion | Potassium Ion |
| Nerve Impulse Transmission Key Concept/Term Flow of movement of sodium | Sodium influx |
| Nerve Impulse Transmission Key Concept/Term flow of movement from the outward to the inside of the cell | Potassium efflux |
| Nerve Impulse Transmission Key Concept/Term the process of sodium influx and potassium efflux | Depolarization |
| Nerve Impulse Transmission Key Concept/Term a process that restores the cell membrane to its resting potential and nerve fiber is now ready to transmit another impulse | Repolarization |
| Nerve Impulse Transmission Key Concept/Term protein molecules that form pores across the cell membrane; distribute the inflow and outflow of ions across the membrane | Ion pumps/ion channels |
| Nerve Impulse Transmission Key Concept/Term synaptic vesicles, which contains neurotransmitter substances | Synaptic Knobs |
| Neurotransmitter substances | (1) Acetylcholine (2) Norepinephrine (3) Dopamine (4) Serotonin (5) GABA (gamma-aminobutyric acid) (6) Glutamate (7) Endorphins |
| this neurotransmitter substance facilitates learning, memory and stimulates movement | Acetylcholine |
| this neurotransmitter substance involved in arousal and mood | Norepinephrine |
| this neurotransmitter substance involved in control of movement and sensations of pleasure | Dopamine |
| this neurotransmitter substance is considered as “worry” chemical of the brain | Serotonin |
| this neurotransmitter substance is involved in sleep and inhibits movement | GABA (gamma-aminobutyric acid) |
| this neurotransmitter substance is involved in memory formation | Glutamate |
| this neurotransmitter substance is involved in pain relief | Endorphins |
| What happens if there is lack of serotonin? | Insomnia |
| Parts of the Central Nervous System or CNS | (1) brain (2) spinal cord |
| It is described as the long tube that is very thick | Central Nervous System |
| The portion of the tube of the skull is _____________. | Spinal Cord |
| The portion located in the skull is the ___________. | Brain |
| Relatively small structure weighing about 1,400 grams and about 2% of the total body weight | Brain |
| Three Portions or Divisions of the Brain | (1) Cerebrum (2) Cerebellum (3) Brainstem |
| These are the membranes covering the brain and spinal cord | Meninges |
| Three Layers (Meninges) | (1) Dura mater (2) Pia mater (3) Arachnoid |
| It is the outermost tough menynx | Dura mater |
| It is the innermost menyx | Pia mater |
| It lies between the two meninges; within the brain cavities which contains cerebrospinal liquid (CSF) | Arachnoid |
| the part of the neural tube between cerebral hemispheres and the spinal cord | Brainstem |
| Four Neural Structure of the Brainstem | Medulla, Pons, Midbrain, Interbrain |
| *Lies above the spinal cord *Lowest part of the brainstem *Concerned with regulation of breathing, heartbeat, blood circulation | The Medulla (myelencephalon) |
| *Lies above the medulla *Located in front of the cerebellum *Plays a part in sleep, dreaming, left body coordination and arousal | The Pons (metencephalon) |
| Two divisions of the Interbrain or the Limbic System (diencephalon) | (1) Thalamus (2) Hypothalamus |
| *Part of the limbic system located in the center of the brain *This structure relay sensory information from the lower part of the brain to the proper areas of the cortex *Involved in temperature regulation and emotional behavior | Thalamus (inner chamber) |
| *Lies superior to the pons *It’s the smallest and least differentiated structure of the brainstem *Involved in the regulation of walking, posture, reflexes for head and eye movements | Midbrain (mesencephalon) |
| *Involved in eating, drinking, emotional and sexual behaviors *Plays a significant role in the regulation of stress responses *Deals with emergency situations *Regarded as the “pleasure center” as well as “stress center” | Hypothalamus |
| *Closely interconnected with the hypothalamus *It also exert additional control over some instinctive behavior already under the regulation of hypothalamus and brainstem | The Limbic System |
| Lies between the thalamus and the cortex Plays a crucial role in long term memories and the storage of memory | Hippocampus (“sea horse”) |
| *Concerned with the control of appetitive, sexual and aggressive behavior *Also concerned with and acts as a storehouse of emotional memories, (specially memory of fear) *A life without it is a life stripped of personal mearnings | Amygdala (“almond”) |
| *Located at the back of pons and medulla *Concerned with the control and coornidates voluntary, rapid, fine motor movements *also involved in the regulation of muscle tone, and maintaining equilibrium | Cerebellum |
| Uppermost and expanded structure of the neural tube | Cerebum |
| Two layers of Cerebrum | (1) Cerebral Cortex (2) Medulla Oblongata |
| *Also known as the outer layer of the cerebrum *Also called the gray matter *Involved in processing of information | Cerebral Cortex |
| *Also known as the inner layer of cerebrum *Also called the white matter *Involvedd in the transfer of information | Medulla Oblongata |
| Two Cerebral Hemispheres | (1) Left Hemisphere (2) Right Hemisphere |
| Skills or inclinations of a left hemisphere dominant | (1) spoken language (2) number skills (3) reasoning (4) written language (5) scientific functions (6) right hand |
| Skills or inclinations of a right hemisphere dominant | (1) music (2) artistic functions (3) art awareness (4) spatial orientation (5) creativity (6) insight (7) left hand |
| Are massive or large band of commissural fibers or nerve fibers, that joined together the opposite side of the brain and spinal cord | Corpus Callosum |
| Four Lobes of the Brain | (1) Frontal Lobe (2) Parietal Lobe (3) Occipital Lobe (4) Temporal Lobe |
| This lobe of the brain is involved in organizing and planning, judgment or decision-making, ability to adapt new situations and personality | Frontal Lobe |
| This lobe of the brain is involved in taste, smell, touch | Parietal lobe |
| This lobe of the brain is involved in visual sense or vision | Occipital lobe |
| This lobe of the brain is regarded as the center of memory; also involved in hearing and meaningful speech | Temporal lobe |
| controls primitive behaviors | Central core, which controls “primitive behaviors” Central core |
| concerned with emotions and sequential activities | Limbic system |
| location for higher mental processes | Cerebrum |
| involve in the production of speech | Broca’s Area |
| involve in the comprehension of language | Wernicke’s Area |
| Two divisions of the Peripheral Nervous System | (1) Somatic Nervous System (2) Autonomic Nervous System |
| It controls voluntary skeletal movements | Somatic Nervous System (SNS) |
| It is concerned with the involuntary activities of the organism, made up of the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions | Autonomic Nervous System (ANS) |
| When confronted by an emotion-provoking stimulus, an individual experiences an increase in heart rate, a dilation of the arteries of the skeletal muscles and heart, a constriction of the arteries of the skin and digestive organs and sweating | Sympathetic Nervous System |
| *Dominates during the periods of quiescence or calm *plays a role in digestion and in the maintenance of functions for the conservation and protection of bodily resources *Particularly involve in relax, constriction and inhibition movements | Parasympathetic Nervous System |
| Hormones | Functional Unit of the Endocrine System |
| What are the functions of Hormones? | (1) Integration of chemical energy from nerve impulse (2) Regulation of growth of skeleton, the muscles, and mental growth (3) Regulate the maturation of gonads and the development of secondary sexual characteristics (4) Homeostasis |
| *Also known as the master gland *Secretes growth hormones | Pituitary Gland |
| Oversecretion of the growth hormones lead to _________. | Giantism |
| Undersecretion of growth hormones causes _________. | Dwarfism |
| Secretes adrenalin or epinephrine which give extra energy needed during emergency and prolonged stress | Adrenal Gland |
| Secretes thyroxin hormone that control basal metabolism | Thyroid Gland |
| Oversecretion of thyroxin hormone leads to _________ | Hyperthyroidism |
| Undersecretion leads to _________. | Hypothyrodism |
| Secretes insulin, which prevents the accumulation of the sugar in the blood | Islets of Langerhans |
| Secretes testosterone for the development of the secondary sexual characteristics at the age of puberty and for the production and maintenance of the accessory organs for reproduction | Testes |
| Secrete estrogen and progesterone | Ovaries |
| It accelerates the growth of uterus, vagina, breast and pubic hair | Estrogen |
| It is for the thickening of the uterine wall in preparation for pregnancy and childbirth | Progesterone |
| Parts of the Neuron | (1) Axon (2) Dendrite (3) Axon Terminals (4) Synaptic Vesicles (5) Synaptic knobs |
| a fiber attached to soma and is described as cellulifugal, which means, it conducts neural impulses away from the body; its job is to carry messages out to the other cells | Axon |
| it is described as cellulipetal, which means its conducts neural impulses to the cell body | dendrite |
| The end of the axon branches out several “limbs” called ____________. | Axon terminals |
| The tip of each axon terminal are knob-like structures known as _____________. | synaptic knobs or terminal buttons |
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