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Memory
Unit 5 Cognitive Psychology
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| memory | the persistence of learning over time through the encoding, storage, and retrieval of information |
| recall | a measure of memory in which the person must retrieve information learned earlier, as on a fill in the blank test |
| recognition | a measure of memory in which the person identifies items previously learned as on a multiple choice test |
| relearning | a measure of memory that assesses the amount of time saved when learning material again |
| encoding | the process of getting information into the memory system |
| storage | the process of retaining encoded info over time |
| retrieval | the process of getting info out of memory storage |
| parallel processing | processing many aspects of a problem simultaneously, the brain's natural mode of info processing for many functions |
| sensory memory | the immediate very brief recording of sensory info in the memory system |
| short-term memory | activated memory that holds a few items briefly, such as digits of a phone number while calling, before the info is stored or forgotten |
| long-term memory | the relatively permanent and limitless storehouse of the memory system includes knowledge, skills, and experiences |
| working memory | a newer understanding of short-term memory that adds conscious, active processing of incoming auditory and visual info, and of info retrieved from long-term memory |
| explicit memory | retention of facts and experiences that one con consciously know and declare also called declarative memory |
| effortful processing | encoding that requires attention and conscious effort |
| automatic processing | unconscious encoding of incidental info, such as space, time, and frequency, and of well-learned info, such as word meaning |
| implicit memory | retention of learned skills or classically conditioned associations independently of conscious recollection ( non-declarative memory) |
| iconic memory | a momentary sensory memory of visual stimuli, a picture-image memory lasting no more than a few tenths of a second |
| echoic memory | a momentary sensory memory of auditory stimuli, if attention is elsewhere, sounds and words can still be recalled within 3 or 4 seconds |
| chunking | organizing items into familiar, manageable units, often occurs automatically |
| mnemonics | memory aids, especially those techniques that use vivid imagery and organizational devices |
| spacing effect | the tendency for distributed study or practice to yield better long-term retention than is achieved through massed study or practice |
| testing effect | enhanced memory after retrieving, rather than simply rereading info. also referred to as retrieved practice effect or test enhanced learning |
| shallow processing | encoding on a basic level, based on the structure or appearance of words |
| deep processing | encoding semantically, based on the meaning of the words, tends to yield the best retention |
| semantic memory | explicit memory of facts and general knowledge, one of our 2 conscious memory systems |
| episodic memory | explicit memory of personally experienced events, one of our 2 conscious memory systems |
| hippocampus | a neural center located in the limbic system, helps process explicit (conscious) memories of facts/events for storage |
| memory consolidation | the neural storage of a long-term memory |
| flashbulb memory | a clear, sustained memory of an emotionally significant moment or event |
| long term potentiation | an increase in a cell's firing potential after brief, rapid stimulation, a neural basis for learning and memory |
| priming | the activation, often unconsciously, of particular associations in memory |
| encoding specificity principle | the idea that uses and contexts specific to a particular memory will be most effective in helping us recall it |
| mood congruent memory | the tendency to recall experiences that are consistent with one's current good or bad mood |
| serial position effect | our tendency to recall best the last (recency effect) and first (primacy effect) items in a list |
| anterograde amnesia | an inability to form new memories |
| retrograde amnesia | an inability to retrieve information from one's past |
| proactive interference | the forward-acting disruptive effect of older learning on the recall of new info |
| retroactive interference | the backward-acting disruptive effect of newer learning on the recall of old info |
| repression | in psychoanalytic theory, the basic defense mechanism that banishes from consciousness anxiety-arousing thoughts, feelings, and memories |
| reconsolidation | a process in which previously stored memories, when retrieved, are potentially altered before being stored again |
| misinformation effect | occurs when misleading info has distorted one's memory of an event |
| source amnesia | faulty memory for how, when, or where info was learned or imagined. along with misinformation is the heart of false memories |
| deja vu | that eerie sense that "I've experienced this before" cues from the current situation may unconsciously trigger retrieval of an earlier experience |
| connectionism | memories emerge from interconnected neural networks |
| semantic encoding | The meaning of words. put it in your own words/connect words to you |
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Addi678
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