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Ansc Exam 2: Dairy
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Mammary Glands | - Cow: 4 Glands and 4 teats - Sheep and goat: 2 glands and 2 teats - Mare: 4 glands and 2 teats/channels - Sow: Up to 20 glands and 10-14 teats on 2 rows |
| Mammary Gland Function | - Provides nutrition for offspring - Provides passive immunity to offspring |
| Colostrum | - Normally needed withing the first few hours - has nutrients and antibodies (immunoglobins) - Most produced before parturition and stops at soon/ after parturition |
| Colostrum Composition | Has higher amounts of: - Growth factors - Immune factors - Nutritional factors |
| Mammary Gland Structure: Alveoli | - Secretory tissue of mammary gland - Made of millions of grapelike structures |
| Mammary Gland Structure: Gland Cistern | Large collection area in udder |
| Mammary Gland Structure: Teat Cistern | Collection area in teat |
| Mammary Gland Structure: Streak Canal | Passageway for milk out of teat (1cm) |
| Alveolus | Release of oxytocin at onset of milking stimulates the contraction of myoepithelial cells surrounding the alveoli |
| Secretory (epithelial) Cells Function | - Absorbs nutrients from bloodstream - Make milk components (fat, lactose, protein) - Transport milk into lumen of alveoli |
| Mastitis | Inflammation of the mammary gland Cause- Microorganisms invade udder, multiply, and produce toxins |
| Subclinical | - No symptoms - Increased SCC - Bacteria - Milk Loss - Reduced quality - Compositional Changes |
| Clinical | Visible symptoms - Flakes/clots - Abnormal milk - Swelling - Pain, heat, redness - Fever - Appetite loss - Depression, etc. |
| Peracute | Most severe, could lead to death |
| Somatic Cell Count | - <200,000 cell/mL=favorable - some research says too little SCC can cause mastitis as well - <50,000=pretty normal |
| SCC Legal | - U.S = 750,000 cells/mL BTSCC (that's bad ya'll) - Canada = 500,000 cells/mL - EU = Limit: 400,000 cells/mL (export) |
| Contagious Mastitis Pathogens: Staphylococcus Aureus | - Heifers may calf while having it - most common - Repro tracts and nasal passageways can be carriers Common treatments: - Sell cow - Try Dry treatment (doesn't normally work) |
| Contagious Mastitis Pathogens: Control | Prevention: - Improved Milking procedures - Milk clean, dry teats - Keep liner slips minimum - Dry treat all cows Eliminating Infection: - Treat all cows at drying off with antibiotic products for DCT - Cull chronically infected cows |
| Contagious Mastitis Pathogens: Streptococcus Agalactiae | Source: infected udders - Spread: cow to cow (during milking) - Chronic; subclinical - Lack of control = high BTSCC - Can be eradicated |
| Environmental Mastitis Pathogens: Coliforms | - E. Coli - Klebsiella - Enterobacter |
| Environmental Mastitis Pathogens: Environmental Streptococci | - Strepto. uberis - Strepto. Dysgalactiae |
| Environmental Mastitis Pathogens: Enterococcus spp. | - Enter. faecium - Enter. faecalis |
| Environmental Mastitis Pathogens | Source: Manure, bedding, where cows congregate New Infections: - between milking - early and late dry periods - hot, humid weather Duration: - 60-70% last <30 days - Clinicals: 50-80% |
| Traditional Mastitis Control | - Hygiene - Milking Management - Dry Cow therapy - clean, dry environment - enhanced resistance: coliform vaccine- dry off, mid-dry, and calving micronutrient nutrition- selenium, vit. e, copper, zinc |
| Milking Procedures | 1. Dip: clean 2. Strip: Checking Milk 3. Dry 4. Apply: Milking machine 5. Dip: clean |
| Pre-Dip | Germicidal teat dip reduces environmental mastitis by 50% |
| Environmental Control | 1. Bedding (Straw, Sawdust, Compost Bedded Pack, Sand [ideal]) 2. Manure Removal 3. Clean ,Dry environment (keep dry and out of mud) 4. Reduce exposure to pathogens |
| Factor Affecting Milk Production | 1. Breeding, genetics management - nutrition and feeding - sanitation - mastitis 2. Heat stress 3. Requirements of offspring 4. Age, Parity 5. # of offspring |
| Milk Secretion | Oxytocin stimulates milk "letdown" - causes contraction of myoepithelial cells around alveoli (45-90 sec after stimulation) |
| Milk Secretion Hormone | Prolactin and Growth Hormone (BST) - stimulate and increase milk production in alveoli |
| After Birth | 1. Digestive tract increases {hypertrophy} (especially liver) 2. Calcium and Phosphorous mobilized from bone 3. Adipose tissue=mobilized 4. Muscle protein reserved=mobilized 5. Increased gluconeogenesis (pathway by which glucose is formed) |
| BST (Bovine Somatotropin)/(Bovine Growth Hormone) | - Higher milk production (.5-1.5 gallons a day - Requires increased health management - Naturally produced in cows and only active in cattle - 90% destroyed in pasteurization - Digested as protein in humans - Public scared of BST |
| Raw Milk | Not pasteurized or homogenized - CDC and FDA strongly against it Cons: - E. Coli O157:H7 - Listeria - TB - Salmonella |
| Milk Fever (Parturition Paresis) | - Metabolic Disorder (low levels of calcium in blood) Symptoms: - Muscular weakness, drowsiness - Cow goes down and can't get back up - Treatable if detected early untreated may go into shock and die |
| Ketosis | - Metabolic disease' Energy demands exceed energy intake = neg. energy balance - Formation of ketones during fat metabolism (acetone instead of acetic acid) |
| Ketosis Symptoms | - Reduce milk yield - Weight loss - Reduced Appetite - Dull coat - Acetone smell to breath/milk - Fever - Nervous signs: excessive salvation, licking, aggression, etc. |
| Dairy Production | 1. California 2. Wisconsin 3. Idaho 32. TN |
| Holstein | - Originated in holland - Largest: 1,500-2,200lbs, 58'' tall - Black and white - Average production: 23,791lbs milk/lactation 9.7 gallons/day 3.7% fat - 90% of daily producers milk Holsteins |
| Jersey | - Originated in British Channel; Island of Jersey - Smallest: 880-1,100lbs - Average Production: 17,302 lbs. milk/lactation 7 gallon/day 4.8% fat - Valued for high quality butterfat in milk - Fawn color: light tan -almost black |
| Brown Swiss | Huge but can't produce as much as Holstein almost looks like a beef cattle |
| Guernsey | - Mid-size - Very docile - frail mentally and physically - Don't really have the "will" to live |
| Ayrshire | - Ireland - Really high longevity - A bit of an attitude ( like a sassy mare) |
| Ideal Dairy Type | 1. Tall Stature 2. Angularity 3. Long, lean neck 4. Defined milk veins 5. Strong feet and legs 6. Level rump |
| Economically important traits in dairy cattle | - High milk production - Longevity - Reproductive Performance - Milking ease - Quiet disposition |
| Dairy Herd Improvement (DHI) | - Nearly 1/2 of all U.S dairy cattle enrolled - Includes national database that is utilized for genetic evaluation 4 common data collection procedures 1. Supervised 2. Partially supervised 3. Owner conducted tests 4. Supervised electronic test |
| Pasteurizing and Homogenized | Pasteurize: - Heating milk at 161 F Homogenized - Intense pressure (centrifuge) to break down fat into multiple particles |
| Milk Safety Timeline | - 1864: Pasteurization : louis Pasteur - 1871: Refrigerated rail car - 1875: Silos=invented (uni. Illinois) - 1895: 1st commercial milking machines available |
| Dairy Trends pt. 1 | - U.S dairy farms = decreased; Not enough money, people don't want to take over business - U.S dairy cow pop. = decreased then increased; lots of cows just on fewer farms |
| Dairy Tends pt. 2 | (2) - U.S Milk Production = Increased; Bigger farms and more cows, increase in health management - U.S Consumption (Fluid) = Decreased; more options now, now we got so much w=milk where will it go |
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