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Psyco 367 M2
| Definition | Term |
|---|---|
| apparent movement | An illusion of movement perception that occurs when stimuli in different locations are flashed one after another with the proper timing. |
| Bayesian inference | A statistical approach to perception in which perception is de |
| binocular rivalry | alteration between seeing the pattern in the left retina and the pattern in the right retina |
| boarder ownership | When two areas share a border, as occurs in figure-ground displays, the border is usually perceived as belonging to the figure. |
| expertise theory | The idea that human proficiency in perceiving certain things can be explained by changes in the brain caused by long exposure, practice, or training. |
| Extrastiate Body Area (EBA) | activated by pictures of bodies and parts of bodies (but not faces) |
| fusiform face area (FFA) | an area in the temporal lobe that contains many neurons that respond selectively to faces |
| global features | Information that may enable observers to rapidly perceive the gist of a scene. Features associated with specific types of scenes include degree of naturalness, degree of openness, degree of roughness, degree of expansion, and color. |
| lateral occipital complex (LOC) | a region of the extrastriate cortex, involved in perception of objects other than people's bodies and faces |
| parahippocampal place area (PPA) | a region of the medial temporal cortex; involved in the perception of particular places ("scenes") |
| persistance of vision | Refers to the way our eyes retain s for a split second longer than they actually appear, making a series of quick flashes appear as one continuous picture. |
| Prosopagnosia | inability to recognize familiar faces |
| Information required for distal stimulus | 1. Light sources 2. Reflectance of surfaces 3. Surface orientation 4. Viewing position |
| inverse projection problem | task of determining the object that caused a particular image on the retina |
| contour detection types | 1. Contour detection: Border between light and dark areas of an image 2. Ganzfield Detection: Sort of sensory deprivation, developed to test for telepathic communication ( ping ball experiment) |
| Microsaccades | type of dynamic stimuli, they are minute involuntary, almost imperceptible eye movements that occur during fixation. |
| Gestalt Psychology | a psychological approach that emphasizes that we often perceive the whole rather than the sum of the parts (Max Wertheimer 1912) |
| illusory contours | Contours are not present on the retina, but still affect contour perception ( Kanizsa Triangles) |
| figure-ground segregation | the ability to distinguish nearby objects from the surrounding background generally appears to be in front, are smaller, have a well defined shape, are meaningful, have more detail, differ from background in lightness. |
| Laws of Perceptual Organization | The principles identified by Gestalt psychologists that describe the ways in which the brain groups bits of sensory stimulation into meaningful wholes or patterns. |
| Proximity/nearness | Things near each other tend to be grouped together. |
| Similarity | similar things tend to be grouped together |
| good continuation | points that, if connected, would result in either straight curving lines, tend to be seen as belonging together, and lines tend to follow the smoothest path. |
| Closure | a space enclosed by contour (real or illusory) tend to appear as a figure |
| Common fate | Things that are moving in the same direction tend to be grouped together. |
| Meaningfullness/familiarity | Things that are meaningful or familiar tend to form groups. |
| Law of Pragnanz | every stimulus pattern is seen in such a way that the resulting structure is as simple as possible. |
| Gestalt psychology pros/cons | Pros: holistic approach Cons: operates post hoc; not good for predictions, not good at explanations, vague definitions. |
| Object recognition | perceiving something as previously known |
| object identification | naming or classifying an object |
| template theories, pros/cons | compare input model or "template" stored in memory. Stimulus is used to categorize each match. Pros |
| Feature based theories, pros/cons | Stage 1 |
| Computational Approach, Pros/cons | an approach to the study of perception in which the necessary computations the brain would need to carry out to perceive the world are specified Pros |
| Primal sketch | The first stage in Marr's model of vision, analysis to de |
| 2 1/2 sketch | In the second stage in Marr's model of vision, primitives are groups (Gestalt principles) and processed using depth information. Structured with reference to the observer's point of view (teddy bear with lines-> simplified version with fewer lines) |
| 3D sketch | The 3rd stage in Marr's model, 3D component parts and their relations are de |
| recognition by components, pros/cons | the idea proposed by Biederman that people recognize objects perceptually via smaller components called geons Pros |
| Principle of componential recovery | the ability to recognize an object if we can identify its geons |
| shape consistency | Tendency to see shapes as unchanging regardless of the angle you see it at |
| Objective view | what is the real shape of this object? |
| projective view | What is the shape of on retina? |
| Bottom-up processing | Incoming sensory stimuli are gathered by receptors and combined into a whole ( Gestalt Laws) also called data-driven processing |
| Top-down processing | higher level cognitive processes like memories, beliefs, or expectations affect the interpretations of stimulus input gathered by the senses also called conceptually driven processing |
| Perceptual priming | perceiving and identifying an object is affected by previous experience with that object eg |
| Perceptual set | a predisposition or readiness to perceive something in a particular way eg |
| Schemas | mental structures that organize our knowledge about the social world |
| Pareidolia | illusion or misperceptions involving a vague or obscure stimulus being perceived as something clear and distinct ( seeing faces in objects) |
| extrasensory perception (ESP) | the controversial claim that perception can occur apart from sensory input; includes telepathy, clairvoyance, and precognition |
| paraspychology | the scientific study of phenomena produced by living beings that cannot be explained by known scientific laws and forces. defined by Max Dessoir |
| Cognitive map | a mental representation of the layout of one's environment |
| focus of expansion (FOE) | the point in the center of the horizon from which, when we are in motion, all points in the perspective seem to emanate |
| grid cells | entorhinal neurons that each have an extensive array of evenly spaced place fields, producing a pattern reminiscent of graph paper |
| parietal reach region (PRR) | A network of areas in the parietal cortex that contains neurons that are involved in reaching behavior. |
| Proprioception | our sense of body position |
| visuomotor grip cells | A neuron initially responds when a specific object is seen, and then also responds as a hand grasps the same object. |
| Ecological approach, pros/cons | emphasized evolution, natural selection has shaped out perceptual system. considered perception in the natural environment. J.J. Gibson pros |
| Optic array | stimulus pattern in the environment |
| invariant features | the characteristics of a movement that remain constant when the surface features of the movement change |
| optic flow | stimulus array changes in logical way as observer moves through the environment |
| perception is_ | direct, immediate, doesn't not require further mental operations. no top-down processing |
| Tau | ratio of the retinal size at any moment to the rate at which the is expanding |
| affordances | actions one can perform with an object eg |
| Intraparietal areas (IP) | Different subregions or areas of the intraparietal sulcus are involved in the planning of eye movements, grasping movements, reaching, and defensive forelimb and head movements. |
| Lateral IP | represents location you plan to move your eyes (saccade planning area) |
| Medial IP | represents area one can reach to; responds to visual and somatosensory input (parietal reach region) |
| Ventral IP | Responds to moving nearby visual input/tactile input to face; important for feeding behaviour |
| Anterior IP | represents important shape information for grasping objects; located between sensory and Motor areas |
| Motor-dominant neuron | responds when action performed in the dark or in light-but not to seeing visual cue type of AIP neuron |
| Visual-dominant neuron | respond when action performed in the light-but not in the dark type of AIP neuron |
| Mirror Neurons | activated when a goal-direction action is performed, and when a similar action is performed. requires biological motion, seems to be an execution-observation matching system. |
| Theory of mind | cognitive capacity to understand that others have beliefs, desires, and intentions different from one's own. |
| Sally-Anne task | A false belief task Sally has a basket, Anne has a box. Sally puts a ball in her basket and leaves Anne takes the ball and puts it in her box Sally returns |
| Anosognosia | A condition in which a person with an illness seems unaware of the existence of his or her illness. |
| Induced motion | The illusory movement of one object is caused by the movement of another object that is nearby. |
| information provided by motion | 1. attracts our attention 2. provides information about the object's 3D shape 3. provides information that helps us segregate figure from ground 4. provides information that enables us to interact with the environment |
| transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) | Presenting a strong magnetic field to the head that temporarily disrupts the functioning of a specific area of the brain. |
| The waterfall illusion is an example of | Motion aftereffect |
| isoluminant | contains lines and forms which differ from the background only on the basis of hue. |
| problem of isoluminant | following a moving object with your eyes (pursuit) sweeping your eyes across a stationary scene (saccade) |
| Collorary Discharge theory | is based on on 4 signals |
| displacement signal (IDS) | detects motion across retina part of corollary discharge theory |
| Motor signal (MS) | muscle movement info sent to eye muscles part of corollary discharge theory |
| corollary discharge signal (CDS) | copy of motor signal part of corollary discharge theory |
| Comparator | determines perception of motion, occurs when: IDS is present or, CDS is present (but not both) |
| Motion perception with CDS | 1. Observing afterimage in a dark room 2. Pushing on eyeball but keeping eyes stationary 3. Pursuit |
| stroboscopic motion | illusion of apparent movement depends on timing. an important variable is interstimulus interval (ISI) |
| stimulus onset asynchrony (SOA) | the time between the onset of one stimulus and the onset of another |
| SOA law | changes in ISI and frame duration do not affect motion perception unless there is also a change in SOA |
| nearest-neighbour principle | select alternative that minimizes overall "travelling distance" of elements |
| Wagon Wheel Illusion | the wheel is spinning faster than the shutter speed of the video so the wheel appears to be spinning in the opposite direction |
| biological motion | the ability to detect whether a stimulus is animate or not from movement cues alone |
| The Uncanny Valley | human replicas that look and act almost, but not perfectly, like actual human beings; causes a response of revulsion among human observers |
| Kinetoscopic | first motorized film projector |
| critical flicker fusion | the frequency at which an in |
| short range | low level, occurs within small visual angles (15-20') |
| long range | higher level, occurs in larger visual angles (20'-6º) |
| Akinetopsia | inability to see objects in motion |
| reflectance | The percentage of light reflected from a surface. |
| reflectance curves | plots of percentage of light reflected for specific wavelengths |
| reflectance edge | an edge where the reflectance of two surfaces changes |
| thedress | The online address for a picture of a dress that is seen as alternating blue and black stripes by some people and as alternating white and gold stripes by others. |
| abberation | something that differs from the norm |
| cerebral achromatopsia | a loss of color vision caused by damage to the cortex |
| Ishihara test | tests for color vision/color blindness |
| perceptual segregation | aids in discriminating objects from background |
| Crypisis | camouflage and concealment by blending into the surrounding environment |
| concealing coloration | an animal has the same color as environment eg |
| disruptive coloration | pattern breaks up outline so one individual doesn't stand out; may also produce "motion dazzle" eg. zebras a type of crypsis |
| mimesis | camouflage and concealment by looking like some other object |
| disguise | animal looks like another, unimportant object to predator or prey eg. walking stick a type of mimesis |
| mimicry | animal looks like another distasteful or dangerous animal eg. scarlet king snake a type of mimesis |
| spectral colors | Colors that appear in the visible spectrum |
| Newtons's color circle | color comprises 3 physical/psychological dimensions wavelength/hue purity/saturation intensity/brightness |
| color spindle | Shows the hue, saturation, and lightness of a color describes all colours we can see |
| Metamers | two lights that have different wavelength distributions but are perceptually identical must produce identical neural activation |
| additive color mixture | mix light of different wavelengths mix red and green = yellow mix all colours = white |
| subtractive color mixture | mix paint (ink) of different pigments mix red and green= grey-brown mix all colours = black |
| Complemantary Colors | colors on the opposite sides of the color circle which, when added, produce greyish-white |
| primary colours | three wavelengths that, when mixed in certain proportions, can match any other hue (blue, red, green) |
| Young-Helmholtz trichromatic theory | the theory that the retina contains three different color receptors—one most sensitive to red, one to green, one to blue—which, when stimulated in combination, can produce the perception of any color. |
| erythrolabe | responds to red, long wavelength (558nm) |
| chlorolabe | responds to green, medium wavelength (531nm) |
| cyanolabe | responds to blue, short wavelength (419nm) |
| opponent-process theory | the theory that opposing retinal processes (red-green, yellow-blue, white-black) enable color vision. |
| simultaneous color contrast | surrounding an area with a color changes the appearance of the surrounded area |
| habituation | infants get bored looking at the same thing |
| color-opponent cells | response in the center to one wavelength is canceled by other wavelengths in the surround |
| Rod monochromacy | Have no cones of any type; truly color-blind and badly visually impaired in bright light |
| cone monochromacy | a condition in which a person has rods and only one type of cone |
| dichromacy | a condition in which a person has only two types of cones, instead of the normal three. |
| Protanopia | A form of red-green dichromatism caused by a lack of the long-wavelength cone pigment. type of dichromacy |
| deoteranopia | a form of red-green dichromatism caused by lack of the medium wavelength cone pigment type of dichromocy |
| Tritanopia | an inherited form of defective color vision which lack short wavelengths cone pigments. Can't see blue or yellow. (very rare) type of dichromacy |
| anomalous trichromacy | have all types of cones, but one type is abnormal, is poor at discriminating hues. |
| chromatic adaptation | Prolonged exposure to a particular wavelength causes cones to be less sensitive to it |
| memory colour | characters color of a familiar object may influence color perception. |
| lightness constancy | Perception of an object as having a constant lightness even while its illumination varies illumination( light falling on a surface) X reflectance( proportion of light reflected from a surface) = Retinal lumanince ( amount of light on retina) |
| Ratio principle | percentage of light reflected from an object ( compared to illumination) de |
| McCollough effect | Afters that appear after staring at a color for a long period of time |
| absolute identification | it is difficult to identify unidimensional stimuli eg |
| relative identification | the task is easier if a comparison scale is provided eg. good performance identifying temperature on a Color-coded map. |
| "Baker-Miller" refers to the color that | seemed to calm and relax violent children in studies of color's effects upon the mind and body |
| Ponzo illusion | An illusion of size in which two objects of equal size that are positioned between two converging lines appear to be different in size. Also called the railroad track illusion. |
| strabismus | cross-eyed |
| uncrossed disparity | A type of binocular disparity produced by an object that is farther away than the horopter; you would have to uncross your eyes to look at it |
| absolute distance judgement | "egocentric" localization (you<--> object) |
| relative distance judgement | requires object-relative localization (object <-> object) |
| Pictoral Depth Cues | cues about distance that can be given in a flat picture |
| occlusion | blockage, if object A covers part of object b, then A is seen closer than b |
| shading and shadowing | indicates which surfaces are facing the light source and which are not. |
| atmospheric perspective | Creating the illusion of depth of space by fading colors and eliminating detail in objects that are further away. Leo da Vinci did this which his paintings |
| relative size | same size object farther away produces smaller visual angles. |
| familiar size | Knowledge of object's size influences perception of distance |
| linear perspective | The apparent convergence of parallel lines as they recede into the distance |
| Brunelleschi peepshow | painted the Baptistry over its reflection in a mirror drilled peephole through it, and faced painting toward the Baptistry observers looked thought the hole toward the Baptistry Brunelleschi held a mirror facing the painting-the real Baptistry would be |
| Relative Height | Below the horizon, objects higher in the visual field appear to be farther away. Above the horizon, objects lower in the visual field appear to be farther away |
| texture gradient | texture elements appear smaller and more densely arranged as they get farther away. |
| motion parallax | as observer moves perpendicular to object (side to side), nearby objects appear to move past more rapidly than faraway objects |
| deletion | background object is occluded by foreground object moving in front of it. |
| accretion | background object uncovered by foreground object moving out of the way. |
| accommodation | crystalline lens changes shape to focus on objects -feedback from ciliary muscles provide information on lens curvature, and therefore distance |
| convergence | rotation of eyes inward to cause to fall on the fovea. |
| binocular disparity | retinal s of an object fall on disparate points on each eye's retina |
| stereotopic | perception of depth based on retinal disparity alone |
| Horopter | An imaginary surface that passes through the point of fixation. s caused by a visual stimulus on this surface fall on corresponding points on the two retinas. |
| random dot stereogram | Each half consists of random dot patterns; when fused a hidden 3-D pops out of the background. |
| Single random dot Stereograms (SIRDS) | retinal disparity in autosterograms is produced in opposite way from random-dot stereograms . in SIRDS a single is observed so that it falls on two different parts of each retina. |
| How to see autostereogram | 1. have a small angle of convergence 2. look at the autostereogram, but don't change convergence; you should see two overlapping s. 3. change accommodation to bring s into focus, keeping covergence constant. 4. change convergence until repeating parts |
| size perception | the size of an object's retinal depends on that object's distance from the observer |
| size constancy | as distance from a given object increases, retinal becomes smaller- yet we do not perceive the object as getting smaller. |
| size distancing scaling | distance taken into account when perceiving size. |
| Muller-Lyer Illusion | illusion of line length that is distorted by inward-turning or outward-turning corners on the ends of the lines, causing lines of equal length to appear to be different |
| moon illusion | A visual illusion involving the misperception that the moon is larger when it is on the horizon than when it is directly overhead. |
| eye elevation hypothesis | moving eyes upwards makes objects appear smaller. |
| Emmert's law | Law that perceived size of an object having constant visual angle is proportional to the perceived (distance) of the object |
| Claudius Ptolemy | ancient Greek astronomer that is known for his theory of an earth-centered universe |
| illusion of velocity and size | the larger the object, the more slowly it appears to be moving |
| illusion of linear perspective | increase perceived distance of the train, contributing to an overestimation of the safe time interval. |
| deceptive geometry of collisons | as the distance to train decreases, the visual angle of the train increases in size (looming) |
| lateral eyes | Eyes located on opposite sides of an animal's head, so the views of the two eyes do not overlap or overlap only slightly, as in the pigeon and rabbit. |
| frontal eyes | Eyes located in front of the head, so the views of the two eyes overlap. |
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