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MASSIVE AP Psych
Complete AP Psych
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Psychopathology | The study of mental disorders and maladaptive behavior |
| What are psychiatric disorders most commonly aligned with? | Medical conditions and clinical conditions |
| What book did Thomas Szazs write? | The Myth of Mental Illness |
| What question did Thomas Szazs introduce to society? | "What determines mental illness?" |
| What is Maladaptive behavior? | **Behavior that causes harm by making it difficult to perform normal life functions |
| Personal Distress | **Term for an individual's perception of their own emotional distress. |
| Atypical behavior | Term for behavior that deviates from a social norm |
| Violation of cultural norms | Term for behavior that deviates from what is culturally acceptable & considered intolerable. |
| Insanity | The term for whether or not an individual can be held accountable for criminal behavior |
| The Declaration of Mental Incompetence | A second form of protection against criminal prosecution |
| Psychosis | **Term for a mental disorder so severe an individual loses their touch w/ reality. |
| Mental disorder | Term for a dysfunctional and maladaptive pattern of behavior. |
| Demonology | A term to describe the process in which holes are drilled into a persons skull to release demonic spirits. |
| Hippocrates | Known as The Father of Medicine |
| The Four Humors | Blood, bodily fluids, bile, phlegm |
| Lobotomy | **A medical process that involves the damaging or removal of the frontal lobe. |
| What Psychologist introduced lobotomy? | Egas Moniz |
| Assimilation | **Making sense of new situations by relating them to prior experiences |
| Accommodation | **Term for the process of modifying a schema to include new information. (Ex. a child saying the ocean is a pool prior to swimming a pool) |
| Object permanence | **The understanding that objects and people can still exist if they aren't visible to you |
| Discontinuous development | The view that developmental changes can be divided clearly into unique stages |
| Contious development | Term for the improvement of existing skills |
| Nature vs. Nurture | The oldest argument upon psychologist |
| Zygote | **A fertilized egg |
| Heritability | **Term for the extent to which variations of a trait/behavior can be linked to genetics |
| How long does the Germinal Period last? | 2-3 weeks |
| Placenta | Transfers nutrients from the mother to the baby/fetus |
| Tetrogens | Term for agents that are harmful to both mother and baby. (Ex. smoking, alcohol) |
| The final stage of Prenatal Development | The fetal stage |
| What takes place during the fetal stage? | Growth of CNS, eyes, genitals |
| Maturation | **Term for a biological growth pattern |
| Reflex | Term for an involuntary physical response |
| The grasping reflex | A newborn curls their fingers around objects when their palm is touched. |
| The startle response | A learned response to unexpected noises |
| The dynamics system approach | A theory explaining how children develop motor behavior s |
| At what age should infants begin lifting their head? | 4-8 weeks |
| The Babinski reflex | **Splaying of the toes when the sole is stroked. |
| Attachment bond | **Term for the emotional attachment between an infant & their caregiver. |
| John Bowlby | **The originator of the Attachment theory |
| The attachment theory | **Innate behavior of an infant; An infant wanting to remain close to their caregiver |
| Insecure attachment bond | **Infants become distressed when a caregiver leaves the room |
| Imprinting | Term for the instinctive bonding to the 1st moving object/person seen hours within birth |
| Mary Ainsworth | Observed strange-situation behavior |
| Zoologist Konrad Lorenz | Theorized attachment in other species |
| Harry Harlow | Suggested that the strong attachment formed between and infant and caregiver was due to physical comfort from a caregiver |
| Jean Piaget | Theorized that what a child is able to do intellectually depends on the development of the brain |
| Contact comfort | Physical comfort that a caregiver provides |
| Cock-tail party effect | **When we filter out everything besides what is important |
| Short-term memory | **Small amounts of information that are stored for up to 30 sec; very sensitive to interruption |
| Long-term memory | **Memory that stores information indefinitely |
| Episodic memories | **Memories of our life experiences we can recall |
| Procedural memories | Memory of how to do something/complete a task or procedure |
| Automatic processing | The brains ability to handle multiple stimuli at once |
| Priming | The use of cues to activate hidden memories |
| Effortful processing | **Encoding that requires attention and conscious effort |
| Maintenance rehearsal | **Repetition of information to prolong its presence in STM |
| Semantic memories | **Memories that are drawn from common knowledge |
| What Manuel is used as criteria of defining psychological disorder? | Diagnostics and Statistical Manuel of Mental Disorder |
| Etiology | An attempt to explain the CAUSE |
| Eclectic approach | Trusting a combination of established approaches to diagnose disorders |
| Psychological model | Model that incorporates different approaches to explain mental disorders |
| Psycho dynamic model | Model that states all psychological problems stem from PAST trauma |
| Behavioral model | Model that states all behavior is learned |
| Medical model | Model that states PSYCHOlogical disorders have a BIOlogical cause |
| Semantics | Term for a set of rules by which we gain meaning |
| Pragmatics | Term for knowing when to use certain types of languages |
| Statistical learning | Term for understanding where breaks & pauses need to be in speech |
| Telegraphic speech | Term for when a child uses mostly NOUNS & VERBS |
| Over-generalization | The application of grammar in instances they do NOT belong |
| Linguistic determinism | **Determines that the language one uses determines how they think |
| Linguistic relatively | Assumes language and thought have an influence on each other |
| Chunking | **Term for organizing pieces of information into a smaller number of chunks |
| Memory | Term to describe learning that occurs overtime |
| Rehearsal | Term for practicing & manipulating of information so that it can be stored |
| Parallel processing | **The interpretation numerous events about stimuli at the same time |
| Echoic memory | Auditory signals |
| Sensory memory | We process everything we sense |
| Multi-store model | Sensory->short term memory-> long term memory |
| Retrieval | **The process of recalling stored information |
| Insight | Term for a sudden realization of a solution |
| Wolfgang Kohler | Psychologist who documented the insight method |
| Mindset | Term for how an individual approaches a problem |
| Growth mindset | When we think we are UNABLE to grow |
| Cognitive bias | Ways of thinking that veer us away from strictly rational conclusions |
| Fixations | Term for the inability to see/define a problem |
| Mental set | Term for a tendency to approach a problem in one particular way |
| Representativness heuristics | We judge how something matches certain prototypes we have |
| Availability heuristics | Estimates the likelihood of events based on their availability in memory |
| Self-serving bias | A problem-solving barrier resulting from evaluating ourselves in an overly favorable manner |
| Fixed mindset | When a person concludes that there can never be any change |
| Belief perseverance | A form of denial |
| Cognitive dissonance | Denying something that goes against their personal belief |
| Justification of effort | Whenever we justify our struggles |
| Risk of loss aversion | The tendency of people to prefer avoiding losses rather than achieving equivalent gains |
| Linguistics | The scientific study of language |
| Phoneme | The smallest sound unit in a langauge |
| Morpheme | The smallest unit that carries meaning |
| Grammar | A set of rules that enables us to communicate & understand others |
| Syntax | Determines the rules for combining or arranging words |
| Framing | The process of presenting an issue |
| Proximity | The way we ORGANIZE things |
| Continuity | Mind follows a pattern |
| Closure | Filling in gaps with our mind |
| Connectedness | Objects that move in the same direction tend to be grouped together |
| Depth Perception | **The ability to perceive 3D objects |
| BInocular cues | 2 eyes; Convergence(ability to judge distance) |
| MONOcular cues | 1 eye; relative size & texture |
| Convergence | The ability to judge distance |
| Retinal disparity | Difference depending on the right or left eye |
| Figure & ground | How we simplify our world in similar ways |
| Gestalt Psychology | Looks at the human mind and behavior as a whole |
| Outer ear | Consist of the pinna, external auditory canal, tympanic membrane. Job is to gather and concentrate and amplify sound waves |
| Middle ear | Made up of 3 bones: Anvil, Stirrups, Stapes |
| Inner ear | Where sound waves vibrate liquid and cause the cilia to vibrate |
| Illusions | Ways we can be tricked, in terms of what we're looking at. |
| Frequency | How rapidly a sound wave cycles |
| Amplitude | Loudness |
| Transduction | Taking an outside stimulus(eyes, ear, mouth) and activating sensory receptors and then transposing itself into a sensation |
| Absolute Threshold | The minimum amount of energy that will provide stimulation |
| Difference threshold | The minimum amount of change in a stimulus that will produce a change in sensations |
| Signal detection theory | Theorizes what point we are able to notice a sensory signal |
| Cognition | Mental activity associated with thinking, knowledge, and remembering |
| Concepts | Mental groupings of similar objects, events, or people. |
| Critical thinking | When we go beyond acquiring new information using concepts & prototypes |
| Prototypes | Mental image of the best example of a specific concept |
| Convergent thinking | A question invites only one correct answer; LIMITS creativity |
| Divergent thinking | Required when a question can have several responses |
| Metacogntion | Active control and awareness of our own thinking |
| Trial and error method | A process of which we try several different solutions until we find out one that works |
| Algorithms | A rule/process that guarantees solving a problem |
| Heuristics | "Rule of thumb" |
| Consciousness | Our state of awareness of our existence, sensations, and thoughts |
| Dualism | Holds the point of view that mind and brain are ENTITIES |
| What level of consciousness includes all perceptions, memories, & feelings you're aware of? | Conscious awareness |
| Whats you're normal, ALERT awareness? | Waking consciousness |
| Biological rhythms | Rhythms NOT detected by conscious awareness |
| What conscious level is Sigmund Freuds "territory" | the unconscious |
| Circadian rhythm | Waking and sleeping |
| Ultradian rhythm | Blood circulation, hormonal changes |
| Infradian rhythms | Last longer than a day; menstruation, seasonal migration, the 4 seasons |
| Examples of nonconcious | Heart rate regulation, breathing, digestion, and organ function |
| Scientific method | Scientist use this process to gather information about how humans behave as well as their psychology |
| Empirical data | The result of a scientists' observation & experiment |
| Theories | Coherent explanations |
| Experimental method | The ONLY research method for investigating cause-and-effect |
| Methodology | How you will go about evaluating the hypothesis |
| Replicating the Study | When a scientist tried to repeat the original |
| Independent Variable | The variable in an experiment that the experimenter MANIPULATES |
| Dependent variable | The variable in the experiment that the experimenter can MEASURE |
| Representative sample | A sample that has characteristics of the ENTIRE in the population |
| Sampling bias | An ERROR in the sampling process that allows members of an experiment to be more or LESS likely to be included in the study |
| Random sampling | Completely random way to select members for a study |
| External validity | The ability to generalize the results of a study to a larger population. |
| Stratified sampling | Small groups within the population are equally represented |
| Cross-sectional design | Researchers compare several groups to one another based on different variables. |
| Neurons | Basic units of the brain and nervous system |
| Axons | Slender arms of the cell body |
| Cranial Nerves | Nerves that are in the back of your brain; send messages to the neck and head |
| Spinal cord | Consist of the brain & extension of the central nervous system |
| Sensory neurons | Take input from skin, eyes, mouth, and nose and pass it to the brain |
| Motor neurons | Transmit signals from the brain to our muscles; allow for MOVEMENT |
| Inter-neurons | Allow information to pass between neurons |
| Soma | Body of a NERVE cell |
| Terminal Branches | Responsible for motor and sensory innervation of the upper limb |
| Myelin sheath | Insulates electric charges |
| Synapses | How neurons communicate |
| Electrochemical communication | Transfer the information taken from the synapses |
| Neural firing | Process where information passes THROUGH a neuron |
| Threshold | The point at which axons fire |
| All-or-none | Describes how nerve cells either fire and cause a reaction or do not |
| Receptors | Pick up neurotransmitters that enter the synapses |
| Ablations | process of removing or destroying parts of the brain |
| Lesions | Tissue damaged from surgery incisions |
| Prefrontal lobotomy | Uses ablation to control behavior |
| Deep brain stimulation | Process of a surgen inserting an electrode through and opening in the brain |
| EEG (electroencephalogram) | Records ELECTRICAL brain activity |
| MRI | Generates detailed images images of parts of the body |
| CT scan | 2-D X-ray photos |
| Hemispherectomy | Removal of half the brain |
| PET scans | visualizes SLICES of the brain |
| Endocrine system | Sends signals through hormones |
| Pineal gland | Gland that releases melatonin |
| Hypothalamus | Signals the pituitary gland to excrete hormones |
| Adrenal gland | Gland that releases adrenaline |
| Gonads | Secrete sex hormones |
| Acromegaly | Visual swelling of soft tissue in the brain |
| Statistics | Summarizes, analyzes, and interprets data |
| Data set | Related groups of data |
| Descriptive Statistics | Techniques for organizing & describing DATA SETS |
| Frequency distributions | A table that shows how FREQUENTLY something occurs. |
| Discrete data | Data you can COUNT |
| Continuous data | Data you can MEASURE |
| Nomical scale | Categorizes data |
| Ordinal scale | Ranked data |
| Interval scale | Represents data that can be placed in rank order and that have EQUAL measurements |
| Ratio scale | A scale where there is a true zero and intervals between neighboring points. |
| Pie chart | Useful for displaying percentages and proportions |
| Bar graph | Useful way to display non-numerical data |
| Histogram | Shows data that is CONTINUOUS |
| Frequency polygon | Used to display non-numerical data |
| Mean | Average # in a data set |
| Median | Middle # in a data set |
| Mode | Most frequently occurring score |
| Variance | Indicates how widely spread are from one another |
| Standard deviation | The average distance from the MEAN to a specific point in a data set |
| Z-score | Number of standard deviations from the mean |
| Normal distributions | Symmetrical deviations |
| Percentile rank | Percent of scores in a distribution that a particular scores fall above |
| Skewed data | When data sets crowd at one end |
| Positively skewed | The mean falls to the RIGHT of the median |
| Negatively skewed | The mean falls to the LEFT of the median |
| Correlation coefficient | Strength & relationship of 2 variables |
| Scatter plot | Displays the relationship of 2 variables |
| Statistical significance | Measure of how likely the result of an experiential is due to the manipulation of the independent variable, or, due to chance |
| What psychologist popularized the theory of behaviorism? | John Watson |
| Behaviorism | Observable behavior rather than subjective "self-reporting"; States that behavior is a "reflex" |
| B.F Skinner | Believed in RADICAL BEHAVIORISM; Created an OPERANT conditioning box known as "Skinner Box" |
| Operant conditioning chamber (Skinner Box) | An animal would be trained to complete VOLUNTARY behavior once the behavior was completed, the animal would receive a reward. |
| Cognitive Approach | Studies how thinking & perception influence behavior |
| Jean Piaget | Female Psychologist who studied how CHILDREN'S cognitive development unfolds. |
| Humanistic Approach | Founded by Carl Rodgers; Stresses the importance of human values and dignity |
| Biological Approach | States that physical damage to the brain can cause psychological disorders |
| Dementia | A brain condition that causes thinking, memory and behavior to deteriorate |
| Terminal drop | A rapid decline of certain cognitive abilities 2 weeks prior to death |
| Identity vs. role confusion | Represents individuals from age 12-18; During this stage teens begin to discover their own identity |
| Intimacy vs. Isolation | Ages 20-40: When an individual begins looking for a potential life partner |
| Generativity versus stagnation | Middle of Adulthood; Individuals begin to reflect on their life's work |
| Integrity vs. Despair | Older adults reflect on their life achievements |
Created by:
gharrison9278
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