Complete AP Psych
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| Psychopathology | The study of mental disorders and maladaptive behavior
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| What are psychiatric disorders most commonly aligned with? | Medical conditions and clinical conditions
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| What book did Thomas Szazs write? | The Myth of Mental Illness
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| What question did Thomas Szazs introduce to society? | "What determines mental illness?"
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| What is Maladaptive behavior? | **Behavior that causes harm by making it difficult to perform normal life functions
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| Personal Distress | **Term for an individual's perception of their own emotional distress.
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| Atypical behavior | Term for behavior that deviates from a social norm
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| Violation of cultural norms | Term for behavior that deviates from what is culturally acceptable & considered intolerable.
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| Insanity | The term for whether or not an individual can be held accountable for criminal behavior
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| The Declaration of Mental Incompetence | A second form of protection against criminal prosecution
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| Psychosis | **Term for a mental disorder so severe an individual loses their touch w/ reality.
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| Mental disorder | Term for a dysfunctional and maladaptive pattern of behavior.
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| Demonology | A term to describe the process in which holes are drilled into a persons skull to release demonic spirits.
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| Hippocrates | Known as The Father of Medicine
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| The Four Humors | Blood, bodily fluids, bile, phlegm
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| Lobotomy | **A medical process that involves the damaging or removal of the frontal lobe.
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| What Psychologist introduced lobotomy? | Egas Moniz
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| Assimilation | **Making sense of new situations by relating them to prior experiences
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| Accommodation | **Term for the process of modifying a schema to include new information. (Ex. a child saying the ocean is a pool prior to swimming a pool)
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| Object permanence | **The understanding that objects and people can still exist if they aren't visible to you
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| Discontinuous development | The view that developmental changes can be divided clearly into unique stages
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| Contious development | Term for the improvement of existing skills
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| Nature vs. Nurture | The oldest argument upon psychologist
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| Zygote | **A fertilized egg
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| Heritability | **Term for the extent to which variations of a trait/behavior can be linked to genetics
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| How long does the Germinal Period last? | 2-3 weeks
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| Placenta | Transfers nutrients from the mother to the baby/fetus
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| Tetrogens | Term for agents that are harmful to both mother and baby. (Ex. smoking, alcohol)
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| The final stage of Prenatal Development | The fetal stage
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| What takes place during the fetal stage? | Growth of CNS, eyes, genitals
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| Maturation | **Term for a biological growth pattern
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| Reflex | Term for an involuntary physical response
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| The grasping reflex | A newborn curls their fingers around objects when their palm is touched.
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| The startle response | A learned response to unexpected noises
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| The dynamics system approach | A theory explaining how children develop motor behavior s
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| At what age should infants begin lifting their head? | 4-8 weeks
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| The Babinski reflex | **Splaying of the toes when the sole is stroked.
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| Attachment bond | **Term for the emotional attachment between an infant & their caregiver.
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| John Bowlby | **The originator of the Attachment theory
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| The attachment theory | **Innate behavior of an infant; An infant wanting to remain close to their caregiver
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| Insecure attachment bond | **Infants become distressed when a caregiver leaves the room
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| Imprinting | Term for the instinctive bonding to the 1st moving object/person seen hours within birth
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| Mary Ainsworth | Observed strange-situation behavior
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| Zoologist Konrad Lorenz | Theorized attachment in other species
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| Harry Harlow | Suggested that the strong attachment formed between and infant and caregiver was due to physical comfort from a caregiver
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| Jean Piaget | Theorized that what a child is able to do intellectually depends on the development of the brain
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| Contact comfort | Physical comfort that a caregiver provides
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| Cock-tail party effect | **When we filter out everything besides what is important
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| Short-term memory | **Small amounts of information that are stored for up to 30 sec; very sensitive to interruption
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| Long-term memory | **Memory that stores information indefinitely
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| Episodic memories | **Memories of our life experiences we can recall
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| Procedural memories | Memory of how to do something/complete a task or procedure
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| Automatic processing | The brains ability to handle multiple stimuli at once
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| Priming | The use of cues to activate hidden memories
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| Effortful processing | **Encoding that requires attention and conscious effort
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| Maintenance rehearsal | **Repetition of information to prolong its presence in STM
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| Semantic memories | **Memories that are drawn from common knowledge
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| What Manuel is used as criteria of defining psychological disorder? | Diagnostics and Statistical Manuel of Mental Disorder
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| Etiology | An attempt to explain the CAUSE
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| Eclectic approach | Trusting a combination of established approaches to diagnose disorders
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| Psychological model | Model that incorporates different approaches to explain mental disorders
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| Psycho dynamic model | Model that states all psychological problems stem from PAST trauma
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| Behavioral model | Model that states all behavior is learned
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| Medical model | Model that states PSYCHOlogical disorders have a BIOlogical cause
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| Semantics | Term for a set of rules by which we gain meaning
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| Pragmatics | Term for knowing when to use certain types of languages
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| Statistical learning | Term for understanding where breaks & pauses need to be in speech
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| Telegraphic speech | Term for when a child uses mostly NOUNS & VERBS
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| Over-generalization | The application of grammar in instances they do NOT belong
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| Linguistic determinism | **Determines that the language one uses determines how they think
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| Linguistic relatively | Assumes language and thought have an influence on each other
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| Chunking | **Term for organizing pieces of information into a smaller number of chunks
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| Memory | Term to describe learning that occurs overtime
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| Rehearsal | Term for practicing & manipulating of information so that it can be stored
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| Parallel processing | **The interpretation numerous events about stimuli at the same time
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| Echoic memory | Auditory signals
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| Sensory memory | We process everything we sense
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| Multi-store model | Sensory->short term memory-> long term memory
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| Retrieval | **The process of recalling stored information
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| Insight | Term for a sudden realization of a solution
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| Wolfgang Kohler | Psychologist who documented the insight method
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| Mindset | Term for how an individual approaches a problem
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| Growth mindset | When we think we are UNABLE to grow
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| Cognitive bias | Ways of thinking that veer us away from strictly rational conclusions
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| Fixations | Term for the inability to see/define a problem
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| Mental set | Term for a tendency to approach a problem in one particular way
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| Representativness heuristics | We judge how something matches certain prototypes we have
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| Availability heuristics | Estimates the likelihood of events based on their availability in memory
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| Self-serving bias | A problem-solving barrier resulting from evaluating ourselves in an overly favorable manner
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| Fixed mindset | When a person concludes that there can never be any change
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| Belief perseverance | A form of denial
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| Cognitive dissonance | Denying something that goes against their personal belief
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| Justification of effort | Whenever we justify our struggles
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| Risk of loss aversion | The tendency of people to prefer avoiding losses rather than achieving equivalent gains
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| Linguistics | The scientific study of language
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| Phoneme | The smallest sound unit in a langauge
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| Morpheme | The smallest unit that carries meaning
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| Grammar | A set of rules that enables us to communicate & understand others
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| Syntax | Determines the rules for combining or arranging words
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| Framing | The process of presenting an issue
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| Proximity | The way we ORGANIZE things
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| Continuity | Mind follows a pattern
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| Closure | Filling in gaps with our mind
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| Connectedness | Objects that move in the same direction tend to be grouped together
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| Depth Perception | **The ability to perceive 3D objects
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| BInocular cues | 2 eyes; Convergence(ability to judge distance)
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| MONOcular cues | 1 eye; relative size & texture
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| Convergence | The ability to judge distance
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| Retinal disparity | Difference depending on the right or left eye
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| Figure & ground | How we simplify our world in similar ways
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| Gestalt Psychology | Looks at the human mind and behavior as a whole
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| Outer ear | Consist of the pinna, external auditory canal, tympanic membrane. Job is to gather and concentrate and amplify sound waves
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| Middle ear | Made up of 3 bones: Anvil, Stirrups, Stapes
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| Inner ear | Where sound waves vibrate liquid and cause the cilia to vibrate
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| Illusions | Ways we can be tricked, in terms of what we're looking at.
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| Frequency | How rapidly a sound wave cycles
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| Amplitude | Loudness
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| Transduction | Taking an outside stimulus(eyes, ear, mouth) and activating sensory receptors and then transposing itself into a sensation
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| Absolute Threshold | The minimum amount of energy that will provide stimulation
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| Difference threshold | The minimum amount of change in a stimulus that will produce a change in sensations
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| Signal detection theory | Theorizes what point we are able to notice a sensory signal
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| Cognition | Mental activity associated with thinking, knowledge, and remembering
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| Concepts | Mental groupings of similar objects, events, or people.
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| Critical thinking | When we go beyond acquiring new information using concepts & prototypes
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| Prototypes | Mental image of the best example of a specific concept
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| Convergent thinking | A question invites only one correct answer; LIMITS creativity
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| Divergent thinking | Required when a question can have several responses
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| Metacogntion | Active control and awareness of our own thinking
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| Trial and error method | A process of which we try several different solutions until we find out one that works
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| Algorithms | A rule/process that guarantees solving a problem
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| Heuristics | "Rule of thumb"
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| Consciousness | Our state of awareness of our existence, sensations, and thoughts
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| Dualism | Holds the point of view that mind and brain are ENTITIES
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| What level of consciousness includes all perceptions, memories, & feelings you're aware of? | Conscious awareness
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| Whats you're normal, ALERT awareness? | Waking consciousness
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| Biological rhythms | Rhythms NOT detected by conscious awareness
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| What conscious level is Sigmund Freuds "territory" | the unconscious
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| Circadian rhythm | Waking and sleeping
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| Ultradian rhythm | Blood circulation, hormonal changes
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| Infradian rhythms | Last longer than a day; menstruation, seasonal migration, the 4 seasons
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| Examples of nonconcious | Heart rate regulation, breathing, digestion, and organ function
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| Scientific method | Scientist use this process to gather information about how humans behave as well as their psychology
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| Empirical data | The result of a scientists' observation & experiment
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| Theories | Coherent explanations
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| Experimental method | The ONLY research method for investigating cause-and-effect
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| Methodology | How you will go about evaluating the hypothesis
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| Replicating the Study | When a scientist tried to repeat the original
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| Independent Variable | The variable in an experiment that the experimenter MANIPULATES
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| Dependent variable | The variable in the experiment that the experimenter can MEASURE
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| Representative sample | A sample that has characteristics of the ENTIRE in the population
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| Sampling bias | An ERROR in the sampling process that allows members of an experiment to be more or LESS likely to be included in the study
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| Random sampling | Completely random way to select members for a study
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| External validity | The ability to generalize the results of a study to a larger population.
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| Stratified sampling | Small groups within the population are equally represented
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| Cross-sectional design | Researchers compare several groups to one another based on different variables.
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| Neurons | Basic units of the brain and nervous system
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| Axons | Slender arms of the cell body
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| Cranial Nerves | Nerves that are in the back of your brain; send messages to the neck and head
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| Spinal cord | Consist of the brain & extension of the central nervous system
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| Sensory neurons | Take input from skin, eyes, mouth, and nose and pass it to the brain
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| Motor neurons | Transmit signals from the brain to our muscles; allow for MOVEMENT
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| Inter-neurons | Allow information to pass between neurons
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| Soma | Body of a NERVE cell
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| Terminal Branches | Responsible for motor and sensory innervation of the upper limb
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| Myelin sheath | Insulates electric charges
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| Synapses | How neurons communicate
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| Electrochemical communication | Transfer the information taken from the synapses
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| Neural firing | Process where information passes THROUGH a neuron
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| Threshold | The point at which axons fire
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| All-or-none | Describes how nerve cells either fire and cause a reaction or do not
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| Receptors | Pick up neurotransmitters that enter the synapses
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| Ablations | process of removing or destroying parts of the brain
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| Lesions | Tissue damaged from surgery incisions
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| Prefrontal lobotomy | Uses ablation to control behavior
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| Deep brain stimulation | Process of a surgen inserting an electrode through and opening in the brain
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| EEG (electroencephalogram) | Records ELECTRICAL brain activity
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| MRI | Generates detailed images images of parts of the body
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| CT scan | 2-D X-ray photos
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| Hemispherectomy | Removal of half the brain
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| PET scans | visualizes SLICES of the brain
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| Endocrine system | Sends signals through hormones
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| Pineal gland | Gland that releases melatonin
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| Hypothalamus | Signals the pituitary gland to excrete hormones
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| Adrenal gland | Gland that releases adrenaline
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| Gonads | Secrete sex hormones
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| Acromegaly | Visual swelling of soft tissue in the brain
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| Statistics | Summarizes, analyzes, and interprets data
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| Data set | Related groups of data
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| Descriptive Statistics | Techniques for organizing & describing DATA SETS
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| Frequency distributions | A table that shows how FREQUENTLY something occurs.
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| Discrete data | Data you can COUNT
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| Continuous data | Data you can MEASURE
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| Nomical scale | Categorizes data
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| Ordinal scale | Ranked data
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| Interval scale | Represents data that can be placed in rank order and that have EQUAL measurements
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| Ratio scale | A scale where there is a true zero and intervals between neighboring points.
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| Pie chart | Useful for displaying percentages and proportions
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| Bar graph | Useful way to display non-numerical data
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| Histogram | Shows data that is CONTINUOUS
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| Frequency polygon | Used to display non-numerical data
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| Mean | Average # in a data set
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| Median | Middle # in a data set
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| Mode | Most frequently occurring score
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| Variance | Indicates how widely spread are from one another
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| Standard deviation | The average distance from the MEAN to a specific point in a data set
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| Z-score | Number of standard deviations from the mean
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| Normal distributions | Symmetrical deviations
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| Percentile rank | Percent of scores in a distribution that a particular scores fall above
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| Skewed data | When data sets crowd at one end
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| Positively skewed | The mean falls to the RIGHT of the median
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| Negatively skewed | The mean falls to the LEFT of the median
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| Correlation coefficient | Strength & relationship of 2 variables
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| Scatter plot | Displays the relationship of 2 variables
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| Statistical significance | Measure of how likely the result of an experiential is due to the manipulation of the independent variable, or, due to chance
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| What psychologist popularized the theory of behaviorism? | John Watson
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| Behaviorism | Observable behavior rather than subjective "self-reporting"; States that behavior is a "reflex"
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| B.F Skinner | Believed in RADICAL BEHAVIORISM; Created an OPERANT conditioning box known as "Skinner Box"
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| Operant conditioning chamber (Skinner Box) | An animal would be trained to complete VOLUNTARY behavior once the behavior was completed, the animal would receive a reward.
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| Cognitive Approach | Studies how thinking & perception influence behavior
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| Jean Piaget | Female Psychologist who studied how CHILDREN'S cognitive development unfolds.
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| Humanistic Approach | Founded by Carl Rodgers; Stresses the importance of human values and dignity
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| Biological Approach | States that physical damage to the brain can cause psychological disorders
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| Dementia | A brain condition that causes thinking, memory and behavior to deteriorate
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| Terminal drop | A rapid decline of certain cognitive abilities 2 weeks prior to death
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| Identity vs. role confusion | Represents individuals from age 12-18; During this stage teens begin to discover their own identity
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| Intimacy vs. Isolation | Ages 20-40: When an individual begins looking for a potential life partner
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| Generativity versus stagnation | Middle of Adulthood; Individuals begin to reflect on their life's work
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| Integrity vs. Despair | Older adults reflect on their life achievements
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Review the information in the table. When you are ready to quiz yourself you can hide individual columns or the entire table. Then you can click on the empty cells to reveal the answer. Try to recall what will be displayed before clicking the empty cell.
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You may also shuffle the rows of the table by clicking on the "Shuffle" button.
Or sort by any of the columns using the down arrow next to any column heading.
If you know all the data on any row, you can temporarily remove it by tapping the trash can to the right of the row.
To hide a column, click on the column name.
To hide the entire table, click on the "Hide All" button.
You may also shuffle the rows of the table by clicking on the "Shuffle" button.
Or sort by any of the columns using the down arrow next to any column heading.
If you know all the data on any row, you can temporarily remove it by tapping the trash can to the right of the row.
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