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Motivation
Unit 7
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| motivation | a need or desire that energizes and directs behavior |
| instinct | a complex behavior that is rigidly patterned throughout a species and is unlearned |
| physiological need | a basic bodily requirement |
| drive-reduction theory | the idea that a physiological need creates and aroused state (a drive) that motivates an organism to satisfy the need |
| homeostasis | a tendency to maintain a balanced or constant internal state, the regulation of any aspect of body chemistry, such as blood glucose, around a particular level |
| incentive | a positive or negative environment stimulus that motivates behavior |
| Yerkes-Dodson law | the principle that performance increases with arousal only up to a point, beyond which performance decreases |
| hierarchy of needs | Maslow's pyramid of human needs, beginning at the first base with physiological needs that must first be satisfied before higher- level safety needs and then psychological needs become active |
| glucose | the form of sugar that circulates in the blood and provides the major source of energy for body tissues. when its level is low, we feel hunger |
| set point | the point at which your "weight thermostat" may be set. when your body falls below this weight, increased hunger and a lowered metabolic rate may combine to restore lost weight |
| basal metabolic rate | the body's resting rate of energy output |
| obesity | defined as a body mass index (BMI) measurement of 30 or higher. (overweight individuals have a BMI of 25 or higher) |
| asexual | having no sexual attraction to others |
| testosterone | the most important male sex hormone. both males and females have it, but the additional testosterone in male sex organs during the fetal period and the development of the male sex characteristic during puberty |
| estrogens | sex hormones, such as estradiol, that contribute to female sex characteristics and are secreted in greater amounts by females than by males. estrogen levels peak during ovulation. in non-human mammals, this promotes sexual receptivity |
| sexual response cycle | the 4 stages of sexual responding described by Masters and Johnson, exictement, plateau, orgasm, and resolution |
| refractory period | in human sexuality, a resting period that occurs after orgasm, during which a person cannot achieve another orgasm |
| affiliation need | the need to build relationships and to feel part of a group |
| ostracism | deliberate social exclusion of individuals or groups |
| narcissism | excessive self-love and self-absorption |
| achievement motivation | a desire for significant accomplishment, for mastery of skills or ideas, for control, and for attaining a high standard |
| grit | in psychology, passion and perseverance in the pursuit of long-term goals |
| Abraham Maslow | - humanistic psychologist who created Maslow's hierarchy of needs, focused on positive qualities in people, supported investigating peak experiences |
| Alfred Kinsey | |
| William Masters | |
| Virginia Johnson | |
| sexual disorders | problem consistently impairs sexual arousal or functioning |
| lateral hypothalamus | When stimulated it makes you hungry |
| ventromedical hypothalamus | When stimulated you feel full. |
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