Help
Options
Didn't know it?
click below
click below
Knew it?
click below
click below
Don't Know
Remaining cards (0)
Know
retry
shuffle
restart
0:00
Embed Code - If you would like this activity on your web page, copy the script below and paste it into your web page.
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Un. 1
Un. 1 Psychpathology
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What are the four "D's" of abnormality? | Deviance, distress, dysfunction and danger |
| Explain deviance. | Definition - Experiencing behaviors, thoughts, and emotions that differ from a society’s ideas of proper functioning (depend on social context). |
| Explain distress. | Something that causes anxiety, sorrow, or pain. Behavior, ideas, or emotions usually have to cause distress before they can be labeled abnormal. |
| Explain dysfunction. | Something that interferes with daily functioning. |
| Explain danger. | Behavior that may be consistently careless, hostile, or confusing. |
| What is trephination? | A procedure that involves using a stone instrument to cut away a circular section of the skull. |
| What did ancient Egyptian, Chinese, and Hebrew culture tend to attribute abnormal behavior/psychopathology to? | Possession by demons. |
| What explanation did Hippocrates propose for psychopathology? | Looked to an unbalance of the four fluids, or humors. Suggested treatments attempted to “rebalance”. Four humors: yellow bile, black bile, blood, and phlegm |
| What were the conditions like in asylums during the Renaissance? | Good care was the intention, but became virtual prisons due to overcrowding. Inadequate hygiene, poor ventilation, and a lack of privacy. |
| What happened during the reform and moral treatment movement occurring in the 19th century? What factors led to the reversal of the movement? | The treatment of people with mental disorders began to improve. Pinel and Tuke advocated moral treatment care and humane and respectful techniques. Money and staff shortages, overcrowdind, |
| What are the difference between the somatogenic perspective and the psychogenic perspective in explaining mental illness? How does the eugenics movement relate? | Somatogenic Perspective - Abnormal functioning has physical causes. (illness, genetic inheritance...) Psychogenic Perspective -Abnormal functioning has psychological causes (traumatic experiences, maladaptive learned associations, distorted perceptions) |
| What are the three essential features of treatment? | A sufferer who seeks relief from the healer A trained, socially accepted healer, whose expertise is accepted by the sufferer and his or her social group A series of contacts between the healer and the sufferer, through which the healer tries |
| How are people with serious psychological disorders typically treated now? I.e., Do they tend to be hospitalized or do they engage in outpatient care? | Outpatient care, therapy, medication |
| What are the concerns related to managed care (i.e., insurance companies making key decisions about mental health treatment?) | - Shorten treatment - Favor treatments whose results may be short-term - Results in treatment being determined by insurance companies rather than mental health professionals |
| Be familiar with lycanthropy (*Hint: This is discussed in Chapter 1 of the assigned reading) | People thought they were possessed by wolves or other animals. They acted wolflike and imagined that fur was growing all over their bodies. |
| What are the key features of the psychodynamic model? | Behavior determined by underlying dynamic psychological forces of which theyre not consciously aware. Abnormal sympts. result of conflict among forces, all behaviors are determined by past experiences and no behavior is accidental, Freudian slip. |
| What did Frued identify as the three unconscious forces that contribute to abnormal functioning? | Id- generates pleasure-seeking impulses. RON Ego- establishes rules (conscience) HERMIONE Superego- mediator, compromises between id and superego (protect from anxiety) HARRY |
| What are the key features of the behavioral model? | Actions determined largely by learning, environment. Identify behaviors that cause problems and replace with appropriate ones through operant conditioning, modeling and classical conditioning |
| What are the key features of the biological model? What were the biological treatments discussed in lecture/text? | Abnormality is an illness brought on by malfunctioning parts of the organism. Inheritance plays a part in mental disorders as well as abnormal secretions of hormones. Used drug therapy, electroconvulsive therapy and psychosurgery for treatment. |
| What are the key features of the cognitive model? | Accounts for behavior bc of how a person attends to, interprets, and uses available information. Clinicians must ask questions about assumptions/attitudes/thoughts of a client. Maladaptive thinking = maladaptive behavior |
| What are the key features of the humanistic-existential model? (Humanists tend to be more optimistic in their views on the inherent nature of people than existentialists) | Focus on drive to self-actualization (fulfilling potential for growth) as well as self-determination and authenticity. We must give our lives meaning and take responsibility for our own decisions and actions. *Broader focus on human existence |
| What are the key features of the sociocultural model? | Abnormal behavior is due to the social and cultural forces that influence individuals. Address norms in the individual’s society and culture. Argues that we must examine a person’s social surroundings to understand their behavior |
| Be familiar with the diathesis-stress model of psychopathology | The idea is that a person must first have some sort of predisposition, but the disorder would not develop until an individual is subjected to a stressor or multiple. |
| Be familiar with the developmental psychopathology perspective (*Hint: This is discussed in Chapter 3 of the assigned reading) | Uses developmental framework to understand how variables and principles from the various models collectively account for human functioning. |
| What is the typical gender ratio for anxiety disorders (are men or women more likely to develop certain disorders)? Any exceptions? | Women are likely to get all anxiety disorders 2x as likely as men, except for OCD which is equal in men and women. |
| What are the general symptoms/characteristics of GAD? | Excessive anxiety and worry about many things and finds it difficult to control. 6 months or more of restlessness, "on edge", easily fatigued, difficulty concentrating, irritability, muscle tension, sleep disturbance, distress, impairment. |
| What is the cognitive-behavioral explanation for GAD? | Maladaptive assumptions. Humans must be loved/approved of by every significant person in the community. Unsafe until proven safe, best to assume the worst. Metacognitive theory, intolerance of uncertainty theory, avoidance theory |
| What cognitive-behavioral treatments are helpful for those with GAD? | Cognitive therapiy - Changing maladaptive assumptions. Rational-emotive therapy, point out irrational thoughts & suggest more appropriate ones Mindfulness-based cognitive therapy- Focuses on changing relationship to thoughts. Acceptance is key |
| What is the difference between traditional cognitive-behavioral therapy (e.g., Ellis’ rational-emotive therapy) and newer mindfulness-based cognitive-behavioral therapies for anxiety? | MBCT emphasizes acceptance and nonjudgmental awareness of the present moment. It doesn’t aim to change or fix anything but rather accepts things as they are. CBT targets negative beliefs and aims to replace them with positive ones. |
| What are the newer cognitive-behavioral explanations for GAD (e.g., metacognitive theory)? | Hold positive and negative beliefs of worrying. Positive, worrying is a useful way of staying safe. Worry about worrying. “Going crazy” with worry, making themselves ill, or losing out in life because of worrying, worry is causing physical and mental har |
| Be familiar with the sociocultural perspective on GAD | GAD is most likely to develop in people faced with social conditions that are dangerous. I.e., danger from crime, poverty, contagious disease, natural disasters, etc. |
| What are the general symptoms/characteristics of Specific Phobia? | Marked fear about a specific object/situation and almost always provokes immediate fear. Is actively avoided or endured with intense fear. The fear or anxiety is out of proportion to the actual danger and lasts 6 months+ causing distress/impairment. |
| How do we typically treat a Specific Phobia? | Desensitization - combines relaxation techniques with gradual exposure to help you slowly overcome a phobia Flooding- Forced non-gradual exposure Modeling - demonstrating desired behavior and showing people that there is nothing to fear. |
| What is the behavioral explanation for a Specific Phobia? | Predisposition to develop certain fears. This idea is referred to as preparedness because human beings, theoretically, are “prepared” to acquire some phobias and not others. |
| What are the general symptoms/characteristics of Agoraphobia? | Escape seems difficult or help might not be available. Fear or anxiety about 2+ Using public transportation Being in open spaces Being in enclosed places Standing in line or being in a crowd Being outside of the home alone |
| What anxiety disorder often accompanies agoraphobia? | Panic disorder |
| What is a potential explanation for the development of agoraphobia? | Classical conditioning or modeling |
| How is agoraphobia treated? | Cognitive-behavioral therapy with an exposure approach.Clients venture farther and farther from their homes to confront the outside world as well as support groups and home-based self-help programs . |
| What are the general symptoms/characteristics of Panic Disorder? | Recurrent unexpected panic attacks with symptoms 20-30 minutes. Sweating, pounding heart, fear of dying/going crazy Followed by 1 month+ of large concern of additional attacks/consequences & large maladaptive change in behavior related to the attacks. |
| Be familiar with cognitive-behavioral explanations of Panic Disorder. | Biological factors are only part of the cause of panic attacks. Misinterpret bodily sensations as signs of a medical catastrophe (shift in heartrate.) |
| What is the relationship between Panic Disorder and Agoraphobia? | Panic disorder and agoraphobia often go hand in hand. In such cases, the panic disorder typically sets the stage for the development of agoraphobia. |
| How is Panic Disorder treated? | Antidepressant medications and benzodiazepines (a type of anti-anxiety drug though they are used less frequently) |
| What are the general symptoms/characteristics of Social Anxiety Disorder? | Marked fear or anxiety about one or more social situations in which the individual is exposed to scrutiny by others. E.g., social interactions, being observed, or performing in front of others. |
| What are narrow versus broad presentations of social anxiety disorder? | Narrow - Talking, performing, eating, or writing in public Broad - A general fear of functioning poorly in front of others |
| How do individuals with Social Anxiety Disorder tend to perceive themselves? | People judge themselves as performing worse than they do |
| What are avoidance and safety behaviors? | Avoiding situations that trigger anxiety and seeking reassurance are counterproductive. Behaviors become habits that make anxiety worse. Giving up these behaviors retrains the brain, so it doesn’t see danger when there is no threat. |
| What are the potential explanations for Social Anxiety Disorder? | Believe that people with this disorder hold a group of social beliefs and expectations that consistently work against them, including: Unrealistically high social standards and views of themselves as unattractive and socially unskilled |
| What are the general symptoms/characteristics of OCD? | Presence of obsessions, compulsions, or both. O- Recurrent, persistent, unwanted thoughts, urges and images that cause anxiety. C-Repetitive behaviors or mental acts that the individual feels driven to perform, relieves anxiety. |
| What are obsessions? What are common themes? | Recurrent, unwanted and persistent thoughts, wishes, impulses, images, ideas and doubts Have common themes: Dirt/contamination - Most common Violence and aggression Orderliness Religion Sexuality |
| What are compulsions? What are common themes/forms? | Repetitive behaviors done to decrease anxiety. Common themes: Cleaning Checking Order or balance Touching, verbal, and/or counting |
| What are the potential explanations for OCD? I.e., the cognitive-behavioral and biological explanations | CB- Everyone worries. Those with OCD blame themselves for such thoughts and expect terrible things will happen. B- OCD can be passed hereditarily. Reduced serotonin levels may contribute to OCD. |
| How is OCD treated? | Exposure and response prevention. Repeatedly exposed to anxiety-provoking stimuli and are told to resist performing the compulsions. Clients are also taught how to identify and challenge distorted cognitions. |
| What are the other Obsessive-Compulsive-Related Disorders now included in the DSM? | Hoarding disorder Hair-pulling disorder (trichotillomania) Skin-picking disorder (excoriation) Body dysmorphic disorder |
| What is the difference between a stressor and a stress response? | Stressor – an event that creates demands. Stress response – a person’s reactions to the demands. Influenced by how we judge both the events and our capacity to react to them effectively. |
| What are the general symptoms/characteristics of a psychological stress disorder? I.e., be familiar with the four general categories of symptoms: | Increased arousal, negative emotions and guilt Reexperiencing Avoidence Reduced responsiveness |
| Reexperiencing | People may be battered by recurring thoughts, memories, dreams, or nightmares connected to the event. A few relive the event so vividly in their minds (flashbacks) that they think it is actually happening again. |
| Avoidance | People usually avoid activities that remind them of the traumatic event and try to avoid related thoughts, feelings, or conversations |
| Reduced responsiveness and dissociation | Feeling detached from others and losing interest in activities that brought joy. Endure dissociation, feel dazed, trouble remembering things, experience depersonalization or have a sense of derealization. |
| Increased arousal, negative emotions and guilt | Hyper alertness, easily startled, trouble concentrating, sleep problems. They may display negative emotions and may fluctuate - emotional dysregulation or labile mood. Difficulty experiencing positive emotions as well as survivor guilt. |
| What is the primary difference between PTSD and acute stress disorder? Be generally familiar with the symptoms of the stress disorders. | ASD- Fear and related symptoms soon after a trauma but for less than a month. PTSD - Symptoms may begin either shortly after the event, or months or years afterward. Last longer than a month. |
| What gender differences exist in the prevalence of PTSD? What about SES differences? | Women are more likely to experience a stress disorder than men. People with lower SES are 2x as likely to experience a stress disorder. Hispanic, African, and Native Americans more likely than non-Hispanic white Americans to develop a stress disorder. |
| What types of traumatic events might lead someone to experience PTSD or acute stress disorder? | Combat, disasters, accidents, and illnesses, victimization, terrorism and mass shootings |
| What factors may play a role in the development of a stress disorder? | Drug therapy, Cognitive-behavioral exposure techniques (examining maladaptive attitudes and styles of interpretation they have developed as the result of trauma), therapy, Psychological debriefing (talk about feelings and reactions within days of trauma) |
| How would psychological stress disorders typically be treated? | Medication, therapy, exposure Cognitive- examining maladaptive attitudes and styles of interpretation they have developed as the result of trauma. Behavioral - involves prolonged exposure. |
| What are corticosteroids? (*Hint: You’ll find this in Chapter 6 of the assigned reading) | Hormones, including cortisol, released by the adrenal glands at times of stress. |
| What are the limitations/flaws of deviance? | Social norms = potential for misuse (Homosexuality previously included as a disorder in DSM, removed in '70s) and vary per culture. Where is the line between individuality & abnormality? Some problematic behaviors aren't rare. I.e , Alcohol Use Disorder |
| What are the limitations/flaws of distress? | Symptoms of mental illness may not always cause distress, i.e. personality disorders or addiction. Bereavement (grief)– some forms of suffering are so normative that a lack thereof suffering can sometimes be indicative of pathology. |
| What are the limitations/flaws of dysfunction? | But what if a mental illness is functional? PTSD could be viewed as functional. Who defines what is “functional” anyway? |
| What are the limitations/flaws of danger? | Research suggests that being dangerous is an exception rather than the rule. |
| What do modeling, operant conditioning, classical conditioning have to do in relation to the development of mental illness? | OC- learn because of rewards M- Learn by observing and repeating behavior (mother scared of spiders, me too) CC- Learning by temporal association. When two events repeatedly occur close together in time, they become fused in a person. |
| Does psychological debriefing work? | No. Some believe that intervention of this kind may encourage victims to dwell too long on the events or “suggest” problems, therefore adding stressors. |
Created by:
awrig108
Popular Psychology sets