Un. 1 Psychpathology
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| show | Deviance, distress, dysfunction and danger
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| Explain deviance. | show 🗑
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| Explain distress. | show 🗑
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| show | Something that interferes with daily functioning.
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| Explain danger. | show 🗑
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| What is trephination? | show 🗑
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| show | Possession by demons.
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| What explanation did Hippocrates propose for psychopathology? | show 🗑
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| What were the conditions like in asylums during the Renaissance? | show 🗑
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| What happened during the reform and moral treatment movement occurring in the 19th century? What factors led to the reversal of the movement? | show 🗑
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| show | Somatogenic Perspective - Abnormal functioning has physical causes. (illness, genetic inheritance...)
Psychogenic Perspective -Abnormal functioning has psychological causes (traumatic experiences, maladaptive learned associations, distorted perceptions)
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| What are the three essential features of treatment? | show 🗑
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| show | Outpatient care, therapy, medication
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| show | - Shorten treatment
- Favor treatments whose results may be short-term
- Results in treatment being determined by insurance companies rather than mental health professionals
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| show | People thought they were possessed by wolves or other animals. They acted wolflike and imagined that fur was growing all over their bodies.
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| What are the key features of the psychodynamic model? | show 🗑
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| What did Frued identify as the three unconscious forces that contribute to abnormal functioning? | show 🗑
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| show | Actions determined largely by learning, environment. Identify behaviors that cause problems and replace with appropriate ones through operant conditioning, modeling and classical conditioning
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| show | Abnormality is an illness brought on by malfunctioning parts of the organism. Inheritance plays a part in mental disorders as well as abnormal secretions of hormones. Used drug therapy, electroconvulsive therapy and psychosurgery for treatment.
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| What are the key features of the cognitive model? | show 🗑
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| show | Focus on drive to self-actualization (fulfilling potential for growth) as well as self-determination and authenticity. We must give our lives meaning and take responsibility for our own decisions and actions.
*Broader focus on human existence
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| show | Abnormal behavior is due to the social and cultural forces that influence individuals. Address norms in the individual’s society and culture. Argues that we must examine a person’s social surroundings to understand their behavior
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| Be familiar with the diathesis-stress model of psychopathology | show 🗑
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| Be familiar with the developmental psychopathology perspective (*Hint: This is discussed in Chapter 3 of the assigned reading) | show 🗑
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| What is the typical gender ratio for anxiety disorders (are men or women more likely to develop certain disorders)? Any exceptions? | show 🗑
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| show | Excessive anxiety and worry about many things and finds it difficult to control.
6 months or more of restlessness, "on edge", easily fatigued, difficulty concentrating, irritability, muscle tension, sleep disturbance, distress, impairment.
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| show | Maladaptive assumptions. Humans must be loved/approved of by every significant person in the community. Unsafe until proven safe, best to assume the worst. Metacognitive theory, intolerance of uncertainty theory, avoidance theory
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| What cognitive-behavioral treatments are helpful for those with GAD? | show 🗑
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| What is the difference between traditional cognitive-behavioral therapy (e.g., Ellis’ rational-emotive therapy) and newer mindfulness-based cognitive-behavioral therapies for anxiety? | show 🗑
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| show | Hold positive and negative beliefs of worrying. Positive, worrying is a useful way of staying safe. Worry about worrying. “Going crazy” with worry, making themselves ill, or losing out in life because of worrying, worry is causing physical and mental har
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| Be familiar with the sociocultural perspective on GAD | show 🗑
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| show | Marked fear about a specific object/situation and almost always provokes immediate fear. Is actively avoided or endured with intense fear. The fear or anxiety is out of proportion to the actual danger and lasts 6 months+ causing distress/impairment.
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| show | Desensitization - combines relaxation techniques with gradual exposure to help you slowly overcome a phobia
Flooding- Forced non-gradual exposure
Modeling - demonstrating desired behavior and showing people that there is nothing to fear.
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| What is the behavioral explanation for a Specific Phobia? | show 🗑
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| show | Escape seems difficult or help might not be available.
Fear or anxiety about 2+
Using public transportation
Being in open spaces
Being in enclosed places
Standing in line or being in a crowd
Being outside of the home alone
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| What anxiety disorder often accompanies agoraphobia? | show 🗑
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| show | Classical conditioning or modeling
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| How is agoraphobia treated? | show 🗑
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| show | Recurrent unexpected panic attacks with symptoms 20-30 minutes. Sweating, pounding heart, fear of dying/going crazy
Followed by 1 month+ of large concern of additional attacks/consequences & large maladaptive change in behavior related to the attacks.
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| show | Biological factors are only part of the cause of panic attacks.
Misinterpret bodily sensations as signs of a medical catastrophe (shift in heartrate.)
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| show | Panic disorder and agoraphobia often go hand in hand. In such cases, the panic disorder typically sets the stage for the development of agoraphobia.
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| How is Panic Disorder treated? | show 🗑
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| show | Marked fear or anxiety about one or more social situations in which the individual is exposed to scrutiny by others.
E.g., social interactions, being observed, or performing in front of others.
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| What are narrow versus broad presentations of social anxiety disorder? | show 🗑
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| show | People judge themselves as performing worse than they do
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| show | Avoiding situations that trigger anxiety and seeking reassurance are counterproductive. Behaviors become habits that make anxiety worse. Giving up these behaviors retrains the brain, so it doesn’t see danger when there is no threat.
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| show | Believe that people with this disorder hold a group of social beliefs and expectations that consistently work against them, including: Unrealistically high social standards and views of themselves as unattractive and socially unskilled
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| What are the general symptoms/characteristics of OCD? | show 🗑
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| What are obsessions? What are common themes? | show 🗑
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| What are compulsions? What are common themes/forms? | show 🗑
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| show | CB- Everyone worries. Those with OCD blame themselves for such thoughts and expect terrible things will happen.
B- OCD can be passed hereditarily. Reduced serotonin levels may contribute to OCD.
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| show | Exposure and response prevention.
Repeatedly exposed to anxiety-provoking stimuli and are told to resist performing the compulsions. Clients are also taught how to identify and challenge distorted cognitions.
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| show | Hoarding disorder
Hair-pulling disorder (trichotillomania)
Skin-picking disorder (excoriation)
Body dysmorphic disorder
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| show | Stressor – an event that creates demands.
Stress response – a person’s reactions to the demands.
Influenced by how we judge both the events and our capacity to react to them effectively.
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| show | Increased arousal, negative emotions and guilt
Reexperiencing
Avoidence
Reduced responsiveness
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| Reexperiencing | show 🗑
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| show | People usually avoid activities that remind them of the traumatic event and try to avoid related thoughts, feelings, or conversations
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| Reduced responsiveness and dissociation | show 🗑
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| show | Hyper alertness, easily startled, trouble concentrating, sleep problems. They may display negative emotions and may fluctuate - emotional dysregulation or labile mood. Difficulty experiencing positive emotions as well as survivor guilt.
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| What is the primary difference between PTSD and acute stress disorder? Be generally familiar with the symptoms of the stress disorders. | show 🗑
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| show | Women are more likely to experience a stress disorder than men. People with lower SES are 2x as likely to experience a stress disorder. Hispanic, African, and Native Americans more likely than non-Hispanic white Americans to develop a stress disorder.
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| What types of traumatic events might lead someone to experience PTSD or acute stress disorder? | show 🗑
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| show | Drug therapy, Cognitive-behavioral exposure techniques (examining maladaptive attitudes and styles of interpretation they have developed as the result of trauma), therapy, Psychological debriefing (talk about feelings and reactions within days of trauma)
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| How would psychological stress disorders typically be treated? | show 🗑
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| show | Hormones, including cortisol, released by the adrenal glands at times of
stress.
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| What are the limitations/flaws of deviance? | show 🗑
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| show | Symptoms of mental illness may not always cause distress, i.e. personality disorders or addiction. Bereavement (grief)– some forms of suffering are so normative that a lack thereof suffering can sometimes be indicative of pathology.
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| show | But what if a mental illness is functional? PTSD could be viewed as functional. Who defines what is “functional” anyway?
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| What are the limitations/flaws of danger? | show 🗑
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| What do modeling, operant conditioning, classical conditioning have to do in relation to the development of mental illness? | show 🗑
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| show | No. Some believe that intervention of this kind may encourage victims to dwell too long on the events or “suggest” problems, therefore adding stressors.
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