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NURS 319: Diseases
Chapter 10: Infectious Diseases
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| host | human or animal invaded and colonized by pathogen |
| pathogen | microorganisms capable of causing infectious disease |
| colonization | pathogen living in host (does not automatically imply infection) |
| infection | invasion, colonization, and multiplication of pathogens |
| virulence | ability to produce cells |
| reservoir | pathogen source |
| vector | living being that can carry pathogen from reservoir to host |
| epidemiology | study of distribution and determination of health-related states among specified populations and the application of that study to the control of health problems |
| incidence | # of individuals who develop a specific disease or experience a specific health-related event during a particular time period |
| prevalence | measure of how common a disease process is found in a specified at-risk population at a specific time point or during a specified time period |
| endemic | disease is consistently present but limited to a particular region |
| epidemic | unexpected increase in # of disease cases in a specific geographical area |
| pandemic | worldwide spread of new disease |
| what are examples of normal microbial flora and when do they become an issue? | normal microbial flora: GI tract, vaginal become an issue when they travel to other places ex: GI bacteria in lungs = pneumonia |
| most common portals of entry into the body | skin (cuts), respiratory tract (inhalation), GI tract (contaminated food/drink), genitourinary tract (urethra), blood-blood transmission (blood transfusion/ needle sharing), maternal-fetal transmission (cross placental barrier) |
| 5 stages of infection? | 1. incubation 2. prodromal 3. acute 4. convalescent 5. resolution |
| what happens in the incubation stage? | microorganisms begin replication without identifiable symptoms (not noticed) |
| what happens in the prodromal stage? | initial symptoms appear (vague and general) [contagious here] |
| what happens in the acute stage? | full disease signs and symptoms present; immune system fully engaged (patient still contagious) |
| what happens in the convalescent stage? | body contains and eliminates pathogen; resolution begins (days, weeks, or months) |
| what happens in the resolution stage? | pathogen totally eliminated from body; completely healed, no symptoms |
| The most common clinical microbiology stain is the | gram stain |
| the results of the gram stain are based on the cell wall of the bacteria. purple / pink means | purple: gram positive pink: gram negative |
| what are ways as a nurse can prevent infectious disease? | wash hands, follow protocol/ procedures know what causes infection and how to diagnose them and what antibiotic can be used to treat them |
| what is the difference between anaerobic bacteria and aerobic bacteria? | anaerobic: grows in environments without oxygen aerobic: needs oxygen to grow and spread |
| the gram-positive bacteria is the leading cause of health-care associated infections | staphylococcal aureus - colonizes skin, vagina, nares, oropharynx; toxins and proteases break down protein and develop resistance |
| what are some examples of antibiotic resistance to staphylococcal aureus? | MRSA: methicillin-resistant VRSA: vancomycin- resistant |
| What is the gram-negative bacteria that is found in most patients after being in the hospital for 1 or more weeks and what are portals of entry for the bacteria? | pseudomonas aeruginosa (UTI or bloodstream entry; infection in lungs causes pneumonia) very dangerous for someone with lowered immune system |
| What bacteria is the most common cause of UTIs in women? What are the other ways the bacteria can be spread? | Candida (fungal) vulvovaginal candidasis: yeast infection (urethra, bacteria from GI tract) |
| how lyme disease is spread/ common symptoms | Lyme disease is spread by tick bites symptoms: fatigue, muscle/ joint pain, headaches, fever, chills, neck stiffness |
| difference between rhinovirus and influenza | rhinovirus: common cold, direct contact/ droplet, incubation period: 1-2 days; adults get 3-4 colds per year influenza: virus, annual outbreaks, high mutation rate, may lasts 2 weeks or longer, can cause upper/lower respiratory tract infections |
| what are types of localized candida infections and what are the symptoms? | thrush and vulvovaginal symptoms: itching, discharge, pain, dysuria, vaginal irritation |
| systemic type of yeast infection that can be fatal | vulvovaginal candidasis |
| what is the primary host of toxoplasmosis, how is it spread, and who is at risk for developing this illness? | cat is primary host; spread by touching cat feces, then hands to mouth; also by uncooked meats pregnant women are at highest risk- causes major defects in fetus (fever, enlarged liver, thrombocytopenia, vision issues) |
| what are examples of helminths and prions? | prions: mad cow disease- causes bovine spongiform encephalopathy (brain looks like sponge) helminths: worms that cause infection - hookworm (worms live in small intestine and cause issues) |
Created by:
lcorlew1
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