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Personality exam 2
Chapters 5-7
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Importance for laypersons | -We assume they are accurate -We believe they reflect some stable property of others -We believe they can be used to predict behavior -Inaccurate personality judgments can have negative consequences |
| Importance for personality psychologists | -Preferred method of personality assessment -Field relies on self and others' judgments as primary sources of information |
| Criteria for accuracy | -Agreement (self-other / other-other) -Prediction (behavior / emotion) |
| Realistic Accuracy Model (RAM; Funder, 1995) (definition) | Accurate personality judgments are dependent upon the relevance, availability, detection, and utilization of cues to personality |
| R in RAM | Relevance; the target must emit some kind of information that is potentially revealing and informative about his or her personality |
| A in RAM | Availability; to be useful, relevant cues must be available in the perceptual field |
| D in RAM | Detection; to make an accurate judgment, a judge must detect the relevant and available cues |
| U in RAM | Utilization; the judge must use the information that is detected correctly to make an accurate judgment |
| RAM moderators of accuracy | -Target (i.e. judgability) -Judge (i.e. perceptiveness/ability) -Trait (i.e. visibility) -Information (i.e. acquaintanceship) |
| The good target | Their personality can be judged correctly from relatively few observations of their behavior |
| Target judgability | An individual whose behavior is consistent across lab and real-life situations. Personality judgments by knowledgeable informants yield high interjudge agreement |
| Who is not judgable? | Behaviorally/emotionally erratic, unpredictable, does not have a clear identity, fragmented sense of self, aggressive, little self-control, over-reactive to stress, anxious, impulsive, narcissistic, deceitful |
| The good judge | They possess a heightened ability to make accurate judgments (they are particularly perceptive) |
| Who is the good judge? | All perceivers tend to be fairly good at judging others |
| Judge perceptiveness / ability | Individual differences that have been identified are linked to 3 factors: knowledge, ability, and motivation |
| The good trait (issues) | Some cues are quite available but may be relevant to more than one trait, OR some cues are very relevant but seldom available |
| Good information | Some information is more likely to yield more accurate judgments than other information. Information can be anything the target says or does that might be relevant to his or her personality. Good information needs quantity and quality |
| Information quality | More information = greater accuracy; acquaintanceship effect |
| Acquaintanceship effect | The longer someone knows you, the more accurate they tend to become |
| Information quality | The kind of information you have might affect accuracy. Some information is more diagnostic (i.e. thoughts/feelings vs. behavior) |
| Traits as explanatory mechanisms (4 basic methods) | -Single trait approach -Many trait approach -Essential trait approach -Typological approach |
| Single trait approach | -Identify one trait that is seen as very important -Often it is assumed to influence or explain a significant amount of behavior -Attempt to establish link between that trait and numerous behaviors or outcomes |
| Self monitoring | -Individual difference in how much we monitor our own behavior and adjust it to fit situational conditions -Variations in inner and outer self = differences in behavior in different settings |
| High self-monitors | -Carefully survey every situation looking for cues on how to act -Less consistent across situations -Socially skills/poise (talkative, expressive, etc.) -Hypocritical or two-faced |
| Low self-monitors | -Do not attend to external cues; rely on internal guides for behavior -More consistent across situations -Independent/self-directed -Integrity -Insensitive -Inflexible/stubborn |
| Many trait approach | -Look at myriad of traits when trying to predict or understand behavior -Traits examined are assumed to cover the entire domain of personality -Create a sort of "personality profile" of the individual who engages in a particular behavior |
| California Q-Set | -Many trait approach -Personality measured in childhood predicted drug use |
| Essential trait approach | -Focus on those traits that "really matter" -Narrow all traits down to those essential few (often using factor analysis) -Assumption that those traits encompass the most important individual aspects of personality -Ex. Big Five |
| Five Factor Model (Costa & McCrae; Goldberg; Norman) | -Based on Lexical Hypothesis -Openness to experience -Conscientiousness -Extraversion -Agreeableness -Neuroticism |
| Lexical Hypothesis | Important dimensions of personality should be evident in language |
| Openness | -Imaginative -Independent -Having broad interests -Receptive to new ideas |
| Conscientiousness | -Well organized -Dependable -Careful -Disciplined |
| Extraversion | -Sociable -Talkative -Friendly -Adventurous |
| Agreeableness | -Sympathetic -Polite -Good natured -Soft hearted |
| Neuroticism | -Emotional -Insecure -Nervous -Self pitying |
| Personality development | Marked by both significant stability (in one's rank-order consistency) and significant systematic change |
| Rank-order consistency | -People tend to maintain their standing on a characteristic relative to other people -Actual trait level may change |
| Causes of stability | -Early experiences -Physical characteristics -Environment (family size, socio economic standing, culture) -Temperament -Birth order -Person environment transactions -Cumulative continuity and maturity |
| Causes of stability: temperament | Biologically based, largely inherited differences evident almost immediately after birth (i.e. shyness, effortful control) |
| Heterotypic continuity in temperament | -The ways temperament and traits are manifested may change with age -Effects of temperament change over time -Shy child manifests shyness differently than shy adult -Effortful control = adult conscientiousness and agreeableness |
| Causes of stability: birth order (Sulloway's theory) | -First borns: strongly identified with parents, received lots of attention, "assistant parent" (more conventional and traditional) -Later borns: fewer responsibilities, has to find niche (more rebellious, less conventional, independent/open minded) |
| Causes of stability: birth order | -Small effects at best -First borns: more conscientious -Later borns: more extraverted, open, and agreeable -No differences found for neuroticism |
| Causes of stability: person environment transactions (ACTIVE) | Person creates or seeks out environments consistent with personality characteristics or avoids those which are inconsistent (i.e. aggressive kid watches violent TV) |
| Causes of stability: person environment transactions (REACTIVE) | Personality determines how they respond to particular environments (i.e. introvert overwhelmed by loud situation = avoids them in the future) |
| Causes of stability: person environment transactions (EVOCATIVE) | Personality leads to behaviors that actually change the environment (i.e. disagreeable person starts fights frequently = exposed to much more conflict over time) |
| Causes of stability: cumulative continuity and maturity | -Principle: individual differences in personality become more stable as one ages -Stability stems from development of psychological maturity (develop traits that help a person function adaptively in adult roles and environments also become more stable) |
| Neuroticism (cross-sectional studies) | -Higher in younger age groups than in older -Slightly different patterns in adolescence for males (lower and stays fairly constant) and females (higher but then begins a slow decline) |
| Extraversion (cross-sectional studies) | -Highest in childhood (10) -Lower for 20 to 30 and stays pretty much the same for other age groups |
| Openness (cross-sectional studies) | -Lower in 10 to 20 year olds -Upward trend for every age group thereafter |
| Agreeableness (cross-sectional studies) | Similar to openness |
| Conscientiousness (cross-sectional studies) | -Lowest in 10 to 20 year olds -Then similar to openness |
| Neuroticism (longitudinal studies) | Decreases over lifespan |
| Extraversion (longitudinal studies) | Increases through adulthood but may decline in late adulthood (60+) |
| Openness (longitudinal studies) | Unclear, mixed feelings |
| Agreeableness (longitudinal studies) | Increases through adulthood buy may decline in late adulthood |
| Conscientiousness (longitudinal studies) | Increases through adulthood buy may decline in late adulthood |
| Causes of personality development | -Changes in physical development -Roles -Social clocks |
| Social clocks | -Normative time within a culture at which a person experiences certain events -Doing things at the normative time for your culture seems to have less impact on your personality development than being out of sync |
Created by:
lreyna
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