Chapters 5-7
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| show | -We assume they are accurate
-We believe they reflect some stable property of others
-We believe they can be used to predict behavior
-Inaccurate personality judgments can have negative consequences
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| Importance for personality psychologists | show 🗑
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| Criteria for accuracy | show 🗑
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| Realistic Accuracy Model (RAM; Funder, 1995) (definition) | show 🗑
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| R in RAM | show 🗑
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| A in RAM | show 🗑
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| D in RAM | show 🗑
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| show | Utilization; the judge must use the information that is detected correctly to make an accurate judgment
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| RAM moderators of accuracy | show 🗑
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| The good target | show 🗑
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| Target judgability | show 🗑
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| Who is not judgable? | show 🗑
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| show | They possess a heightened ability to make accurate judgments (they are particularly perceptive)
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| Who is the good judge? | show 🗑
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| Judge perceptiveness / ability | show 🗑
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| show | Some cues are quite available but may be relevant to more than one trait, OR some cues are very relevant but seldom available
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| Good information | show 🗑
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| Information quality | show 🗑
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| Acquaintanceship effect | show 🗑
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| show | The kind of information you have might affect accuracy. Some information is more diagnostic (i.e. thoughts/feelings vs. behavior)
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| show | -Single trait approach
-Many trait approach
-Essential trait approach
-Typological approach
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| Single trait approach | show 🗑
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| Self monitoring | show 🗑
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| show | -Carefully survey every situation looking for cues on how to act
-Less consistent across situations
-Socially skills/poise (talkative, expressive, etc.)
-Hypocritical or two-faced
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| show | -Do not attend to external cues; rely on internal guides for behavior
-More consistent across situations
-Independent/self-directed
-Integrity
-Insensitive
-Inflexible/stubborn
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| Many trait approach | show 🗑
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| California Q-Set | show 🗑
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| Essential trait approach | show 🗑
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| show | -Based on Lexical Hypothesis
-Openness to experience
-Conscientiousness
-Extraversion
-Agreeableness
-Neuroticism
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| Lexical Hypothesis | show 🗑
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| show | -Imaginative
-Independent
-Having broad interests
-Receptive to new ideas
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| show | -Well organized
-Dependable
-Careful
-Disciplined
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| Extraversion | show 🗑
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| show | -Sympathetic
-Polite
-Good natured
-Soft hearted
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| Neuroticism | show 🗑
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| Personality development | show 🗑
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| show | -People tend to maintain their standing on a characteristic relative to other people
-Actual trait level may change
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| Causes of stability | show 🗑
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| Causes of stability: temperament | show 🗑
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| Heterotypic continuity in temperament | show 🗑
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| Causes of stability: birth order (Sulloway's theory) | show 🗑
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| show | -Small effects at best
-First borns: more conscientious
-Later borns: more extraverted, open, and agreeable
-No differences found for neuroticism
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| Causes of stability: person environment transactions (ACTIVE) | show 🗑
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| Causes of stability: person environment transactions (REACTIVE) | show 🗑
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| Causes of stability: person environment transactions (EVOCATIVE) | show 🗑
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| show | -Principle: individual differences in personality become more stable as one ages
-Stability stems from development of psychological maturity (develop traits that help a person function adaptively in adult roles and environments also become more stable)
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| Neuroticism (cross-sectional studies) | show 🗑
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| Extraversion (cross-sectional studies) | show 🗑
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| Openness (cross-sectional studies) | show 🗑
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| show | Similar to openness
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| Conscientiousness (cross-sectional studies) | show 🗑
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| show | Decreases over lifespan
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| Extraversion (longitudinal studies) | show 🗑
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| show | Unclear, mixed feelings
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| Agreeableness (longitudinal studies) | show 🗑
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| show | Increases through adulthood buy may decline in late adulthood
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| Causes of personality development | show 🗑
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| Social clocks | show 🗑
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