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Patho chap 12,13,14
hematology
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| function of RBC | carry oxygen |
| normal range of RBC | 4.0-5.5 million cells/ microliter |
| life cycle of RBC | 120 days |
| function of WBC | protect against infection |
| normal range of WBC | 4,000- 10,000 cells/ microliter |
| function of platelets | blood clotting |
| normal range of platelets | 90,000- 450,000 cells/ microliter |
| hematopoiesis | process of blood cell production in adult bone marrow or in the liver and spleen of the fetus |
| pluripotent stem cell in bone marrow has what two stem cells | myeloid and lymphoid |
| basophils | look for cancer cells and degranulate in response to allergen and release histamine |
| eosinophils | protect against parasites, pathogens, and allergens |
| neutrophils | 1st responder to bacteria or invaders |
| monocytes | macrophages phagocytize our invaders |
| complete blood count | measures the number of RBCs, WBCs, platelets and their indices |
| hemoglobulin | a protein on the the red blood cell that carries oxygen to the body's cells and carbon dioxide from organs to the lungs and is measured by the hemoglobulin in blodo level |
| the volume or proportion of RBCs in the blood is measured by ___ level | hematocrit |
| mean corpuscular volume (MCV) measures what? | size of RBCs -- this tells you the type of anemia present in the blood |
| MCHC measures the amount of __ a single RBC as it relates to the volume of the cell | hemoglobulin |
| what does a low MCHC mean | a patient is anemic |
| what does a high MCHC mean | a patient has an elevation of Hgb in blood |
| mean corpuscular hemoglobulin (MCH) is the measure of the average amount of ? | mass contained in each RBC |
| if the MCH is too low what does it mean? | iron deficiency anemia |
| if the MCH is too high what does it mean? | it means RBCs are too big from pernicious anemia |
| hemostasis | the arrest of bleeding |
| 3 things play a role in hemostasis | medications, illnesses, and genetic disorders |
| when hemostasis goes wrong, what 2 things occur? | thrombosis and hemorrhage |
| thrombosis | leads to blockage of blood flow |
| hemorrhage | which is a loss of blood |
| steps of hemostasis | vasoconstriction, platelet plug formation, blood coagulation |
| 3 steps to platelet plug or a clot formation | activation of factor X, conversion prothrombin to thrombin, conversion fibrinogen to fibrin |
| extrinsic pathway | responsible for forming a clot when superficial damage occurs to the epithelial tissue |
| extrinsic pathway is stimulated by what? | the release of VII factor, there are less clotting factors in this branch to get to the common pathway |
| the lab values that are used to determine how long it takes the extrinsic pathway to respond are | PT and INR |
| intrinsic pathway | responsible for forming clot when damage occurs through the wall of the blood vessel |
| intrinsic pathway is stimulated by what? | the release of XII factor which then cascade through multiple clotting factors until it reaches the common pathway |
| the lab test that is used to determine how long the intrinsic pathway takes is the | aPTT |
| the common pathway starts the actual production of? | thrombin or fibrinin which then combines with platelets to form a scab |
| common pathway starts with what? | starts with factor X which stimulates Factor Xa, which stimulates prothrombin to become thrombin which stimulates the production of fibrinogen which converts to fibrin which combines with platelets and collagen to form a clot |
| blood clot | when a clot must be broken down, otherwise they will continue to grow and block a blood vessel |
| embolism | when a blood clot breaks off and travel in the blood to cause a blockage elsewhere in the body like in the brian, heart or lungs |
| fibrinolysis | dissolution of the blood clot |
| if the clot is inside the blood vessel what is released to being fibrinolysis? | TPA is released, if the clot is an extravascular |
| what are the two causes of clotting disorders | increased platelet activity and coagulation activity |
| what is erythropoiesis | production of RBCs |
| where does erythropoiesis occur? | in the kidney |
| why does erythropoiesis occur? | stimulate bone marrow to produce RBCs |
| what conditions would cause erythropoiesis to occur? | low carbon dioxide in the arteries and anemia |
| what is bilirubin | liver enzyme |
| which organ rids the body of bilirubin | the liver |
| conjugated bilirubin | when bilirubin has made it fully to the liver |
| unconjugated bilirubin | partially reabsorbed en route to the liver |
| what is yellowing of the skin and whites of the eyes and indicated dysfunction of the liver? | jaundice |
| anemia | is an abnormally low number of circulating RBCs or EPO, or both |
| how does anemia occur? | from excessive loss of blood, destruction of RBCs, deficient RBC production, inherited disorders |
| causes of anemia | deficiencies such as iron, vitamin B 12, folic acid blood loos - chronic or acute hemoglobinopathies medications and hemolysis |
| symptoms of anemia | can be asymptomatic, menorrhagia, GI tract blood loss, tachycardia, jaundice, splenomegaly |
| leukopenia | abnormally lower number of WBCs in the blood circulation = less than 4,000 microliter |
| neutropenia | neutrophil count < 1,500 neutrophil/ microliter |
| agranulocytosis | a condition in which the neutrophil count is less than 100 neutrophil per microliter of blood |
| what is Hodgkin's disease | a type of lymphoma that develops from one cell |
| who do you see Hodgkin's disease in the most? | 15-20 years and > 50 |
| what are the symptoms of Hodgkin's disease? | no dramatic symptoms, enlarged lymph nodes may be present |
| what is the key thing that makes Hodgkin's disease stand out? | Reed Sternberg cells |
| What is Non- Hodgkin's disease? | lymphoma that develops from several cells |
| what is more common non- hodgkin's disease or Hodgkin's? | non- hodgkins |
| acute lymphocytic leukemia cause | immature T or B cells and chromosomal/ genetic alterations |
| acute lymphocytic leukemia symptoms | may be nonspecific, increased bleeding, anemia, splenomagely, high risk of infection |
| chronic lymphocytic leukemia cause | B cell malignancy express photo oncogene allowing constant proliferations |
| chronic lymphocytic leukemia symptoms | owl eyes, lymphocytosis with WBC > 20,000 microliter |
| acute myelogenous leukemia cause | proliferation of undifferentiated myeloid blast cells |
| acute myelogenous leukemia signs/ symptoms | genetic translocation between 8 & 12 |
| chronic myelogenous leukemia cause | overproduction of mature myeloid cells |
| chronic myelogenous leukemia signs/ symptoms | anemia, high infeciton, high bleeding, WBC count > 100,000 cells/microliter |
Created by:
sammy.e7
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