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Functional Neuro t1
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Lateral Pathway | Involved in the voluntary movements of the distal musculature and are under direct cortical control. |
| What are the components of the lateral pathway? | 1. corticospinal tract 2. rubrospinal tract |
| Corticospinal tract (pyramidal tract) (PATH) | PMC -> internal capsule -> cerebral peduncles -> pons -> medulla obloganta -> motor neurons in the spinal cord |
| Corticospinal tract (pyramidal tract) (ORIGIN) | It originates in the PMC which is in the precentral gyrus. |
| Corticospinal tract (pyramidal tract) (DECUSSATION) | In the medulla oblogata, most of the fibres cross to the opposite side of the body. As a result the left side of the cortex control the movements of the right side of the body and vice versa. |
| Corticospinal tract (pyramidal tract) (DESTINATION) | After the decussation the fibres continue their journey to the spinal cord forming the lateral corticospinal tract. Some fibres remain on the same side of the spinal cord forming the anterior corticospinal tract. |
| Corticospinal tract (pyramidal tract) (TERMINATION) | The fibres of the tract terminate on the motor neurons of the spinal cord. These motor neurons in turn send signals to the muscles creating voluntary movement. |
| Rubrospinal tract (PATH) | red nucleus -> pons -> medulla oblongata -> spinal cord |
| Rubrospinal tract (ORIGIN) | It originates in the red nucleus which is in the midbrain. |
| Rubrospinal tract (DECUSSATION) | The fibres of the tract decussate in the red nucleus so basically the fibres originating in the right red nucleus will ultimately project in the left side of the spinal cord and vice versa. |
| Rubrospinal tract (TERMINATION) | The tract terminates in the spinal cord where its fibres synapse with interneurons and motor neurons in the ventral horn of the grey matter. |
| Ventromedial pathway | Involved in the control of posture and locomotion and are under brainstem control. |
| What are the components of the ventromedial pathway? | 1. tectospinal tract 2. vestibulospinal tract 3. pontine reticulospinal tract 4. medullary reticulospinal tract |
| Tectospinal tract | Plays a role in the coordination of head and eye movements in response to visual stimuli. |
| Corticospinal tract | Plays a role in fine and skilled movements. |
| Rubrospinal tract | Plays a role in motor coordination and regulation. |
| Tectispinal tract (ORIGIN) | The tract originates in the superior colliculus which is located in the midbrain. |
| Tectospinal tract (DECUSSATION) | The fibres of the tract decussate in the midbrain, meaning that fibres originating on the left side of the superior colliculus will ultimately project on the opposite side of the spinal cord. |
| Tectospinal tract (PATH) | superior colliculus -> midbrain -> pons -> spinal cord |
| Tectospinal tract (TERMINATION) | The fibres of the tract terminate in the spinal cord (mainly the cervical region) where they synapse with interneurons and motor neurons. |
| Vestibulospinal tract | Plays a role in control of balance and posture. |
| Vestibulospinal tract (ORIGIN) | The tract originates in the vestibular nuclei which are located in the brainstem (pons and medulla oblongata). |
| Vestibulospinal tract (DECUSSATION) | There is no complete decussation of the fibres of this tract. There are both ipsilateral and contralateral projections. |
| Vestibulospinal tract (PATH) | vestibular nuclei -> brainstem -> spinal cord |
| Vestibulospinal tract (TERMINATION) | The fibres of this tract terminate in the spinal cord (upper thoracic and cervical regions) and synapse with motor neurons and interneurons there. |
| Pontine reticulospinal tract | Plays a role in the control of voluntary and reflexive movements. |
| Pontine reticulospinal tract (ORIGIN) | The tract originates in the pontine reticular formation which is in the pons area of the brainstem. |
| Pontine reticulospinal tract (DECUSSATION) | The fibres of this tract remain ipsilateral so they do not decussate at any point. |
| Pontine reticulospinal tract (PATH) | pontine reticular formation -> brainstem -> spinal cord |
| Pontine reticulospinal tract (TERMINATION) | The tract terminates in the spinal cord and the fibres synapse with the motor neurons and interneurons there. |
| Medullary reticulospinal tract | This tract, like the pontine reticulospinal tract, is involved in the modulation and control of reflexive and voluntary movements. |
| Medullary reticulospinal tract (ORIGIN) | This tract originates in the medullary reticular formation (medulla oblongata). |
| Medullary reticulospinal tract (DECUSSATION) | The fibres of this tract (similar to the pontine) do not decussate and remain ipsilateral. |
| Medullary reticulospinal tract (PATH) | medullary reticular formation -> brainstem -> spinal cord |
| Motor Cortex | A region in the frontal lobe including Areas 4 and 6. |
| Area 4 | PMC (Primary Motor Cortex), Motor Strip or M1 |
| Where is Area 4? | It lies anterior to the central sulcus. |
| What about the output of the Area 4? | The output from Area 4 consists the largest signal in the corticospinal tract |
| Area 6 | PMA (PreMotor Area) and SMA (Supplementary Motor Area) |
| Where is Area 6? | It lies anterior to Area 4. |
| Anything special for PMA and SMA? | 1. they contain somatotopically organised motor maps 2. PMA is about near motor movement 3. SMA is about distal motor movement and is more direct |
| Posterior Parietal Lobe | The place where the mental body image required for planning movements is generated. |
| Parietal lobes | They are interconnected with the PFC and it is where decisions are made for what actions to make and what their outcome might be. |
| Association Area | The area which combines and integrates information with movement. |
| What Association Areas are there? | 1. M.A (Primary Motor C, Motor association A, Frontal eye field) 2. P.C (Broca's A) 3. S.A (Primary Somatosensory C, Sensory association A, Wernicke's A) 4. General interpretation A 5. PVC 6. VAA 7. PAC 8. AAA |
| What are the 3 levels of the hierarchal classification? | 1. High 2. Middle 3. Low |
| What is the function of the High level? | It is concerned with movement strategy that will best achieve the wanted goal. |
| What brain parts are included in the High level? | 1. association areas of the neocortex 2. basal ganglia or premotor cortex |
| What is the function of the Middle level? | Concerned with what muscle contraction sequences are needed to operate smoothly and accurately to achieve the wanted goal. |
| What brain parts are included in the Middle level? | 1. motor cortex or M1 2. cerebellum or brainstem |
| What is the function of the Low level? | Concerned with the activation of motor neurons and interneurons to achieve the wanted movement and make any necessary changes in the posture to succeed. |
| What brain parts are included in the Low level? | 1. brainstem or motor neurons and interneurons 2. spinal cord |
| From where does Layer V receive input? | 1. Areas 1,2,3,6 2. Thalamus (gets the info from the cerebellum) |
| Are there any activity patterns in M1 neurons during voluntary movement? | Yes, there is immediately before and during voluntary activity. This activity indicates two aspects of movement, force and direction. |
| Individual M1 neurons exhibit what? | Direction tuning, they get activated during movement of a specific direction. |
| What kind of correlation was found between the average population vector and the direction of movement? | A strong one. |
| Three basic conclusions about how M1 commands voluntary movement. | 1. much of M1 is active for every movement 2. individual pyramidal neurons in M1 exhibit direction tuning 3. the direction of movement is determined by the average of the directional preferences of each cell in M1 |
| Nonprimary motor areas | All areas in the frontal lobe that can influence motor output at the same level of M1 and the spinal cord (PMA, SMA, cingulate motor areas and areas alongside the dorsal and ventral banks of the cingulate sulcus). |
| What can frontal lobe damage cause? | Learning difficulties. If the frontal lobe gets damaged people will find it difficult to learn how to do movements with their bodies. |
| Monkey studies on PMd | When the PMd was removed from the mokeys, they found it difficult to do certain hand movements after a signal (like lights). |
| PMd neurons and arbitrary cues | Inside the PMd there are certain neurons that get activated when a monkey is being given a signal for it to do a certain movement. When those neurons are being blocked, the monkeys couldn't remember the signals and had trouble doing the right movement. |
| What can TMS do to the PMd? | It can temporarily "pause" it. |
| What are PMd's buddies? | 1. the back part with M1 contribute to making movements 2. the front part with PFC and contribute to tasks that need more thinking |
| What is the role of the Ventral Premotor Cortex (PMv)? | The part of the brain that helps us coordinate our hand movement when we are picking up something (picking up a toy from the floor) or manipulating it with our hands. Has a role in both doing and watching object-related hand movements. |
| Parietofrontal circuit | Monkeys (and humans) have a circuit that connects AIP (Anterior IntraParietal area) with PMv and its function is to transform visual commands to motor commands for hand movements. |
| Mirror neurons | Cells in the PMv that fire when we are grasping and manipulating items but also fire when we see other people doing the same thing. |
| What if there is a problem with M1? | It can affect how strong someone is, how the muscles feel and how well someone can move their fingers individually. |
| What if there is a problem with nonprimary motor areas? | It can affect how someone is doing percise movements with their fingers (like playing the piano or tying their shoelaces) and it can make someone feel weak. |
| Damage to the lower parts of the motor system can lead to? | 1. paresis (weakness) 2. paralysis 3. areflexia (absence of spinal reflexes) |
| Damage to the upper parts of the motor system can lead to? | 1. hemiplegia (paralysis occuring in one side of the body) 2. paraplegia (paralysis involving the legs) 3. quadriplegia (paralysis involving the 4 limbs) 4. spasticity (permanent, dramatic increase of muscle tone and spinal reflexes) |
| Babinski sign | An indication of motor tract damage (toes going to the wrong way as a reflex). |
Created by:
catrin_cot
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