Help
Options
Didn't know it?
click below
click below
Knew it?
click below
click below
Don't Know
Remaining cards (0)
Know
retry
shuffle
restart
0:00
Embed Code - If you would like this activity on your web page, copy the script below and paste it into your web page.
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Episodic Memory I
Lecture 14 & Schacter Reading
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| memories misdeeds can be classified into | 7 basic "sins" |
| what are the 3 different types of forgetting | transience, absentmindedness, blocking |
| transience is | decreasing accessibility of into or forgetting over time |
| absentmindedness is | inattentive/shallow processing that contributes to weak memories of ongoing event for forgetting to do things in the future |
| blocking is the | temporary inaccessibility of information that is stored in memory |
| what are the 3 different types of distortions /inaccuracy | misattribution, suggestibility, bias |
| misattribution is | attributing a recollection or idea to the wrong source |
| suggestibility is | memories that are implanted as a result of leading questions/comments during attempts to recall past experiences |
| bias is | retrospective distortions & unconscious influences that are related to current knowledge & beliefs |
| what is the memory sin about intrusive recollections that are difficult to forget | persistence |
| persistence is the | pathological remembrances or info/events that we cannot forget, even though we wish we could |
| the 7 sins of memory are byproducts of | otherwise adaptive features of memory |
| people may forget events | rapidly/gradually, distort the past in surprising ways, & sometimes experience intrusive recollections of events that they wish they could forget |
| cognitive neuroscience analyses of human memory have become increasingly influential & relied on | studies of patients with bran lesions that selectively affect particular forms of memory & studies using functional neuroimaging techniques (operating & fMRI) |
| PET & fMRI measure | local changes in hemodynamic responses that are correlated with changes in neuronal activity |
| PET scanning is sensitive to | changes in blood flow |
| fMRI scanning is sensitive to | oxygenation-level-dependent changes in hemodynamic properties of blood usually referred to as BOLD contrast |
| memory for facts/events typically becomes | less accessible over time |
| the forgetting curve is a | power function & the rate of forgetting is slowed down by the passage of time |
| retrieval failure plays an important role in | forgetting |
| some experiences may be rendered temporarily inaccessible because of | interference from related experiences |
| cues/hits can elicit | recall of seemingly forgotten memories |
| info is lost from storage over time & is likely to occur when | people don't "use" a memory |
| retrieving/rehearsing experiences palsy an important role in determining whether | those experiences will be remembered or forgotten & in determining what aspects of those experiences will be retained |
| rapid forgetting can be attributed to | the operation of a short-term or working memory system |
| studies by Scoville & Milner of bear-damaged amnesic patients have shown that damage to the | medial temporal lobes including the hippocampus & related structures produces profound long-term forgetting |
| the current neuroimaging techniques don't permit direct study of | storage/consolidation processes that intervene between encoding/retrieval & directly related to occurrence of transience |
| an important source of transience is | the initial encoding of information into memory |
| "event-related" fMRI procedures make it possible to | track encoding processes on a trial-by-trial basis |
| Wagner, Schacter et al. used event-related fMRI to determine whether | responses to individual words during encoding predict subsequent remembering/forgetting of those words |
| what are the 2 regions of the brain that are more active during encoding phase of the Wagner, Schacter et al. experiment for words that were subsequently remembered with high confidence that for words that were subsequently forgotten | the posterior portions of left temporal lobe (left parahippocampal gyrus) & lower portion of left frontal lobe (left inferior frontal gyrus) |
| Brewer, Zhao, Desmond, Glover, & Gabrieli found that the degree of activity during encoding in the | parahippocampal regions of left/right hemispheres & inferior frontal regions in right hemisphere predicted subsequent remembering/forgetting |
| the right hemisphere predicts | remembering/forgetting of pictures (nonverbal encoding) |
| the left hemisphere predicts | remembering/forgetting of words (verbal encoding) |
| short-term transience describes patients who show | relatively intact LTM but have severe problems with immediate retention & working memory system |
| patients with short-term transience & the observed deficit (STM loss) can be attributed to | phonological loop which is necessary for holding small amounts of speech-based info |
| patients with damage causing short-term transience usually have | a lesion in the lower part of the left parietal lobe |
| developmental studies show that performance on WM tasks that require the phonological loop is closely associated with | long-term vocab acquisition & related aspects of language learning tasks |
| when the phonological loop doesn't operate normally problems arise with | short term forgetting that have important consequences for such fundamental abilities as language learning |
| the key components of phonological loop are based on listing neural substrates b.c. | storage & rehearsal processes can be impaired selectively |
| phonological storage is associated with | regions within left (posterior) parietal lobe |
| phonological rehearsal is associated with | the left (inferior) prefrontal cortex (Broca's area) |
| short term forgetting can result from failure of | rehearsal processes, storage processes, or both |
| transience can occur even when | an event/fact is initially well encoded & remembered immediately when we deliberately search memory in an attempt to recall a specific event/fact |
| a good deal of forgetting likely occurs because | insufficient attention is devoted to a stimulus at the time of encoding or retrieval or b.c attended info is processed superficially |
| errors of absent-mindedness during encoding is | likely a source of common everyday memory failures & occur when actions are carried out automatically & attention is focused elsewhere |
| cognitive studies have established that dividing attention at time of encoding results in | poor subsequent memory for target info |
| the "depth of processing" effect is when | people are induced to carryout "shallow" encoding of target info they later have considerably worse memory for the target that when they are induced to carry out "deep" encoding |
| shallow encoding is making judgements about | low-level, nonromantic features of target info |
| deep encoding is making judgments about | semantic features of the target item |
| form of shallow encoding plays an important role in "change blindness" which is when | people fail to detect changes in observed objects or scenes |
| one explanation for change blindness is that | people typically encode features of a scene at an extremely shallow level, recording the general gist of the scene but few of the specific details |
| successful change detection requires | effortful encoding of the features/properties that will distinguish the original from the changed object |
| shallow encoding that does not proceed beyond a categorical level results in | poor recollection of details of a scene & consequent vulnerability to change blindness |
| studies show regions of lower left frontal cortex & left parahippocampal show | greater activation during semantic encoding that nonromantic encoding trials |
| "absent0minded" encoding operations (within verbal domain) involve | relatively little recruitment of left inferior prefrontal & parahippocampal regions |
| absent-mindedness is referred to as | failures of prospective memory |
| failures of prospective memory is | forgetting to execute a planned action at some point in the future |
| event-based task involve | remembering to perform a future action when a specified event occurs & is externally cued so forgetting occurs when cue isn't recognized |
| time-based tasks involve | remembering to perform an action at a specified time & depends on generating appropriate cues on time |
| older adults often perform well on | event-based prospective tasks & poorly on time-based tasks |
| Shallice & Burgess found that failures to carry out future tasks in patients with frontal lobe lesions are associated with | level of planning skills & executive functions |
| patient studies/neuroimaging implicate prefrontal cortex in aspect of | event/time based prospective memory |
| retrieval block occurs when | people are provided with cues related to sought-after item but unable to elicit it & people are aware of it when it occurs |
| retrieval block occurs in | episodic & semantic memory |
| tip-of-the-tongue (TOT) state is where | people are unable to produce a word/name but they have a powerful subjective conviction the item is available in memory |
| the tip-of-the-tongue (TOT) state is partly attributable to the | retrieval of similar but incorrect items that interfere with access to the target |
| the tip-of-the-tongue (TOT) state is especially pronounced in | old age & increases with aging |
| part-set cueing effect is the | provision of some retrieval cues that are related to a previously studied word can block or inhibit retrieval of target item |
| retrieving/reviewing an item/event is sometimes associated with | decreased memory for related but non-retrieved items because the non retrieved items become inhibited as a result of retrieving related items |
| Semenza et al. found that proper name retrieval deficits are typically associated with | the most anterior regions of the left temporal lobe |
| Nyberg et all reported that regions that showed increased activity during a retrieval task appeared to | actively inhibit other regions showing decreased activity |
| what are the 3 closely related forms of misattribution | people correctly remember an item/fact from a past experience but misattribute the source misattribute a thought/idea to their own imagination when they are retrieving it from a prior experience falsely recall/recognize items/events that never happened |
| "false fame" effects is where | participants misattribute the familiarity if a name with "fame" of an individual |
| presenting lists with pictures that represented each word significantly | reduced false recognition effect |
| Koutstaal & Schacter provided demonstration of age difference in false recognition | older adults appear to be especially vulnerable to misattributions involved in false recall & recognition |
| studies have revealed that damage to frontal lobes is often associated with | selective increase in source memory errors & increased susceptibility to false recognition |
| studies of amnesic patients with damage to medial temporal lobes & related structures revealed | decreased susceptibility to certain forms of false recognition |
| medial temporal regions appear to be involved in | encoding/retrieving the kinds of semantic gist or similarity info that can support true/false memories |
| illusory memories can occur in response to | suggestions that are made when one is attempting to recall an experience that may/may not have occurred |
| suggestibility is the | tendency to incorporate info provided by others into ones own recollections |
| when people are asked suggestive/misleading questions about previous event | their recollection of the original event may be altered by the provision of erroneous post event info |
| studies indicate that source misattributions play an important role in | misleading-info effects |
| Hyman & Billings found the tendency to report memories of false events was positively correlated with | scores on the Dissociative Experiences scale & scores on Creative Imagination scale |
| the Dissociative Experiences Scale measures | self-reported lapses in cognitive & memory functioning |
| Creative Imagination Scale measures | vividness of mental imagery |
| Mazzoni & Loftus found that dream interpretation can | produce false memories of life events |
| memories can be influenced/distorted by | current knowledge, beliefs, & expectations |
| memories of past experiences may be colored by | present mood & emotional state |
| the consistency bias in retrospection is | people recollections tend to exaggerate the consistency between their past & present attitudes, beliefs, feelings |
| M.Ross found that the specific form that retrospective bias assumes is influenced by | individuals implicit theories of whether or not they have changed over time with respect to what they are asked to remember |
| if individuals believe is it like that their bias have been stable over time they will tend to | overestimate the consistency between past/current attitudes |
| if individuals believe that they have changed their bias over time then | they may be based to overestimate differences between current/past attitudes |
| bias may take form of subtle influences of past experiences on | current judgments about other people/groups |
| persistence is revealed by | intrusive recollections of traumatic events, rumination over negative symptoms/events & even by chronic fears & phobias |
| persistent can be influenced by | aspects of current mood/emotion |
| on excessive rumination over depressive symptoms is associated with & can contribute to | increased duration of depressive episodes |
| persisting emotional memories depend to a large extent on | a specific structure in the limbic system (amygdala) & are promoted by a particular type of modulatory influence (stress hormones) |
| conditioned fear responses that depend on amygdala, once acquired | may be resistant to erasure over time & are in some sense indelible |
| amygdala damage interferes with | the acquisition of conditioned fear but hippocampal damage doesn't |
| info that is no longer needed will tend to not be retrieved/rehearsed thereby | losing out on the strengthening effects of post event retrieval & becoming gradually less accessible over time |
| semantic is | the study of meaning |
| syntam is | grammatical structure |
| schemas are | generalized knowledge used in understanding & meaningfully organizes concepts |
| evidence for event schema or scripts is | people agree on what is in script, recall things in script order, faster at reading things that align with schema |
| with scene schema | people correctly remember things consistent with schema even though they spent less time looking at expected things |
| people have false memory for things that were in in the scene but | are int eh scene schema |
Created by:
kzegelien2005
Popular Psychology sets