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Episodic Mem II
Lecture 15 & Wells & Loftus
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| eyewitness evidence is a form of trace evidence and can be | contaminated, lost, destroyed, or otherwise made to produce results that can lead to an incorrect reconstruction of the even in question |
| the manner in which memory trace evidence is collected can | have important consequences for the accuracy of the results |
| eyewitness evidence is typically collected by | nonspecialists who have little or no training in human memory |
| there is a failure in the justice system in | embracing the scientific model for eyewitness evidence |
| mistaken eyewitnesses account for | more convictions of innocent persons that all other causes combined |
| there is clear evidence that peoples reports are influenced by | how the questions are worded |
| what are the solid models for how law enforcement might go about the process of questioning eyewitnesses? | the scientific approaches to minimizing and detecting response biases and demand characteristics in surveys |
| the same factors that can make the results of a scientific experiment uninterpretable can | make the results of a lineup uninterpretable (confounding, biased instructions, experimenter expectancy effects, selective recording of results) |
| what does the justice system assume about stored info and memory failures? | that stored info remains largely unchanged as a function of post event info and is relatively impervious to suggestions, and that memory failures are primarily failures to retrieve info |
| memory reports are readily influenced by | postevent information, are very susceptible to suggestions, and can err in numbers ways, including memory reports of entire events that were never witnessed |
| the primary lesson of the memory for events research is that | memory for events is malleable |
| the process of recollection is | reconstructive |
| sources of info that are used to reconstruct are from | the event itself and from postevent info gleaned in various ways after the event has occurred |
| the primary lesson from eyewitness identification work is that | mistaken identification rates can be very high under certain conditions, many of which could actually be avoided by the use of more scientific procedures for lineups |
| the Brewster case illustrates general misunderstanding about | the nature of human memory, that memory might get better (or at least not deteriorate) with time |
| the Brewster case illustrates the detective's | lack of understanding of the processes and the power of suggestive procedures in shaping an eyewitness's recollections |
| the Brewster case illustrates the problem of | source monitoring |
| the Brewster case illustrates how the certainty of an eyewitness | is a poor indicator of witness accuracy and is a product of variables other than the memory of the eyewitness |
| the Brewster case illustrates how the justice system | fails to take advantage of what is know about human memory and social influence to develop appropriate safeguards against mistaken identification |
| post event viewings of a suspects likeness (by photograph or in person) can help to | make someone look familiar leading to false identification of the suspect |
| postevent information (particularly when it is misleading) | can alter recollections of other details about key events |
| after receiving new info that is misleading in some way people tend to | make errors when they report what they saw & the new post event info is often incorporated into the recollection, supplementing or altering it, sometimes in dramatic ways |
| the misinformation effect is when misleading postevent information can | alter a person's recollection in a powerful, and often predictable, manner |
| it is possible to create | complex, elaborate, and "confident" false memories in the minds of research patients |
| the goal of false memory research was to find a method for | planting a memory that, if the even had actually occurred, would have been at lease mildly traumatic |
| Loftus and colleagues created a study to implant false memories where | participants read about 4 events that happened in childhood with the 3rd always being a false memory about getting lost in a mall when they were 5 and after a period of time they believed that it had actually happened and had a memory for the event |
| Porter et al. found that participants who were most susceptible to memory implantation were those who | scored high in the Dissociative Experiences Scale |
| the Dissociative Experiences Scale is a | self report measure of the extent to which participants experience lapses in memory and perception in their everyday life |
| participants give higher ratings of vividness or clarity when | relating a real memory as opposed to an implanted one even though the real memories did not contain more details than the planted ones |
| inducing people to imagine that they have had an experience can | influence people to recall having had such an experience |
| imagination can make people believe that they have had experiences in the | distant and recent past |
| eyewitness researchers concern about the accuracy of eyewitness identification evidence is grounded in the observations that | 1. eyewitness experiments show rates of mistaken identification can be very high under certain conditions 2. real-world cases where people were convicted of crimes they didn't commit show mistaken identification was the primary evidence for conviction |
| the chronological approach to organizing the findings on the variables that have been shown to affect rates of mistaken identification orders the categories based on | the temporal sequence in which they unfold witness characteristics, characteristics of witnessed event, postevent variables, characteristics of identification task, postidetification events |
| the system-variable vs, estimator-variable distinction to organizing the findings on the variables that have been shown to affect rates of mistaken identification is organized | according to whether they are controllable by the criminal justice system in actual cases or are not controllable in real cases |
| suspect-bias variable | a variable that can account for why an eyewitness, when presented with a lineup, specifically selected the innocent suspect rather that on of the fillers in the lineup |
| general impairment variable | can not account for which person the suspect picked, but can account only for poor eyewitness performance more generally |
| other-race effect | people have more difficulty identifying persons of another race that their own race |
| what kind of variable is the other-race effect? | a general impairment variable |
| what is a structurally biased lineup? | when the suspect fits the description that the eyewitness had given of the culprit whereas the fillers do not fit that description |
| what kind of variable is the structural lineup bias? | a suspect-biased variable |
| what is an effect size? | a standardized statistical estimate of the impact that one variable has on another variable |
| what are effect sizes often used to compare | used to compare the relative impact of one variable verses some other variable |
| what are effect sizes sensitive to? | they are very sensitive to the particular operationalizations that are. used in manipulating each of the variables |
| true or false? chronological categorization and system variable vs. estimator variable categorization are related | true |
| system variables don't normally come into play until | after the crime event has occurred |
| the general impairment vs. suspect-bias variables distinction is not restricted to | any particular chronological frame |
| what kind of variables are the general impairment and suspect-bias variables | either system or estimator variables |
| retention interval is | the period of time between the event and the persons recollection |
| what variables are not restricted to a single category? | retention interval and exposure to mugshots |
| what utility does chronological categorization have? | assists in developing a temporal understanding of the order in which these variables come into play in the witnessing experience |
| what utility does the system-variable vs. estimator-variable have? | is useful for developing methods for increasing the accuracy of eyewitness identification evidence via system-variable recommendations to the justice system |
| what utility does the general impairment vs suspect-bias categorization have? | it is relevant to understanding how jurors might reason about eyewitness identification in a given case |
| what is the relative judgement conceptualization? | eyewitnesses tend to identify the person from a lineup who most closely resembles the eyewitness's memory of the perpetrator relative to the other members of the lineup |
| when does the relative judgement conceptualization work reasonably well? | when the actual perpetrator is in the lineup if they are not the witness tends to pick the lineup member that looks closest to the perpetrator |
| the best evidence that relative judgements are involved in mistaken identification comes from research on | simultaneous vs. sequential presentation procedures for identifications |
| what kind of lineup is when all of the members of the lineup are shown to the eyewitness at one time | a simultaneous lineup |
| what kind of lineup involves showing the eyewitness one lineup member at a time and forcing the eyewitness to make a recognition decision before viewing the next lineup member | a sequential procedure |
| how does the sequential procedure prevent relative judgements? | the eyewitness can compare the lineup member being viewed to those who have already been shown, but the eyewitness cannot be sure what the next lineup member looks like which forces the witness to use a more absolute criterion for making an identification |
| information is not overwritten, new sometimes wrong info is | just added to the memory |
| misinformation acceptance | people accept new information as if it were tru of the original even |
| what are the reasons for misinformation acceptance? | source confusion and strength: new info is stronger |
| source confusion is when | is is not clear which memory is the real one |
| a cognitive interview is when | you reinstate conditions: use encoding specificity memories are ties to the context let the eyewitness tell their story uninterrupted ask questions about the event in reverse order |
| sequential questioning is when investigators conduct | multiple interviews- not one long one where people will tend to say anything to make the interview stop if it is too long |
| using hypnosis as an interview technique is | not useful, generates lots of info (that may not be accurate), and misinformation effect can increase |
| how can you prevent misinformation? | cognitive interview: let eyewitness tell story uninterrupted, ask questions about events in reverse order, use multiple interviews rather that one long interview |
Created by:
kzegelien2005
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