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AP Psych: Mod 37-44
Meyers Unit 8
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| motivation | a need or desire that energizes behavior and directs it towards a goal. |
| instinct | a complex behavior that is rigidly patterned throughout a species and is unlearned. |
| instinct theory | people preform certain behaviors due to instincts developed through evolution. |
| drive-reduction theory | the idea that a physiological need creates an aroused tension state (a drive) that motivates an organism to satisfy the need. |
| homeostasis | a tendency to maintain a balanced or constant interval state; the regulation of any aspect of body chemistry, such as blood glucose around a particular level. |
| incentive | a positive or negative environmental stimulus that motivates behaviors. |
| optimal arousal theory | some motivated behaviors actually increase arousal. |
| Yerkes-Dodson Theory | the principle that performance increases with arousal only up to a point , beyond which performance decreases. |
| hierarchy of needs | Maslow's pyramid of human needs, beginning at the base with physiological needs that must first be satisfied before higher level safety needs an then psychological needs become active. |
| Maslow's pyramid | 1) physiological needs, 2) safety needs, 3) belongingness and love needs, 4) esteem needs, 5) self actualization needs, 6) self transcendence needs. |
| glucose | the form of sugar that circulates in the blood and provides the major source of energy for body tissues. When it is low, we feel hungry. |
| ghrelin | hunger arousing hormone secreted by an empty stomach. |
| set point | the point at which an individual's "weight thermostat" is supposedly set. When the body falls below this weight, an increase in hunger and a lowered metabolic rate may act to restore lost weight. |
| basal metabolic rate | the body's resting rate of energy expenditure. |
| neophobia | fear of new things. |
| ecology of eating | extent to which situations control our eating. |
| sexual response cycle | four stages of sexual responding described by Masters and Johnson -excitement, plateau, orgasm, and resolution. |
| refractory period | a resting period after orgasm, during which a man cannot achieve another orgasm. |
| Sex hormones have two effects... | 1) direct physical development of male and female sex characteristics, 2) activates sexual behavior. |
| estrogen | sex hormone, secreted in greater amounts by females than males and contributes to female sex characteristics. In nonhuman female mammals, levels peak during ovulation promoting sexual receptivity. |
| testosterone | the most important of male sex hormones. Both males and females have it, but the additional in males stimulates the growth of the male sex organs in the fetus and the development of male sex characteristics during puberty. |
| competence | ability to exert control over one's life |
| ostracism | extreme form of rejection. |
| narcismsim | people who are self-important, self-focused, and self-promoting. |
| emotions | a response of the whole organism, involving 1) physiological arousal 2) expressive behavior 3) conscious experience |
| James-Lange Theory | the theory that our experience of emotion is our awareness of our physiological responses to emotion-arousing stimuli (arousal then emotion). |
| Cannon Bard Theory | the theory that an emotion-arousing stimulus simultaneously triggers physiological responses, and the subjective experience of emotion (at the same time!). |
| Schacter-Singer two factor theory | theory that to experience emotion, 1) must be physically aroused 2) cognitively label the arousal. |
| spillover effect | an arousal response to one event spills over into our response to the next event. |
| Arousal fuels emotion... | cognition channels it. |
| positive emotions favor left frontal lobe activity... | while negative emotions favor the right frontal lobe. |
| polygraph | A machine, commonly used in attempts to detect lies, that measures several of the physiological responses accompanying emotion (such as perspiration and cardiovascular and breathing changes). |
| guilty knowledge test | alternative to the polygraph test that relies on the premise that criminals harbor concealed knowledge about the crime that innocent people don't. |
| Duchenne smile | A genuine smile that involves contraction of a particular set of facial muscles. |
| gestures | a movement, such as the clenching of a fist, the waving of a hand, or the stamping of a foot, that communicates a particular meaning or indicates the individual's emotional state or attitude. |
| William James | control emotions by going through outward emotions (fake it till you make it). |
| facial feedback effect | the tendency of facial muscle states to trigger corresponding feelings such as fear, anger, or happiness. |
| behavior feedback | tendency of behavior to influence our own and others' thoughts, feelings, and emotions. |
| health psychology | a subfield of psychology that provides psychology's contribution to behavioral medicine. |
| stress | the process by which we perceive and respond to certain events, called stressors, that we appraise as threatening or challenging. |
| Three types of stress... | catastrophes, significant life changes, and daily hassles. |
| Stress hormones... | epinephrine and norepinephrine. |
| general adaption syndrome (GAS) | Selye's concept of the body's adaptive response to stress in three phases—alarm, resistance, exhaustion. |
| tend and befriend | under stress, people (especially women) often provide support to others (tend) and bond with and seek support from others (befriend). |
| psychophysical illness | "mind-body" illness; any stress-related physical illness, such as hypertensions and some headaches. |
| psychoneuroimmunology | the study of how psychological, neural, and endocrine processes together affect the immune system and resulting health. |
| Type A | Friedman and Rosenman's term for competitive, hard-driving, impatient, verbally aggressive, and anger-prone people. |
| Type B | Friedman and Rosenman's term for easygoing, relaxed people. |
| coronary heart disease | the clogging of the vessels that nourish the heart muscle; the leading cause of death in many developed countries. |
| lymphocytes | two types of white blood cells that are part of the immune system. |
| B lymphocytes | form in the bone marrow and release antibodies that fight bacterial infections. |
| T lymphocytes | in the thymus and other sympathetic tissue and attack cancer cells , viruses, and foreign substances. |
| psychomatic | physiologically caused symptoms (old name). |
| Zajone-LeDoux | some embodied responses happen instantly, without conscious appraisal-some are reflective emotions (flinch/jump). |
| Lazarus | cognitive appraisal sometimes occurs without awareness (unaware that its happening). |
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kqunell
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