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Patho chap 37,38,39
Musculoskeletal
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| 5 functions of bones | structural support, storage of minerals, production of blood cells, protects body organs, provides leverage & movement |
| osteogenesis | bone growth |
| trabecular bone and example | spongy, cancellous bone ex: wrist, hip, and vertebrae |
| cortical bone | dense |
| osteoblasts | bone forming cells |
| osteocytes | are mature osteoblasts that maintain bone matrix |
| osteoclasts' function | bone reabsorption and keep bone tissue from overgrowing |
| ligaments connect | moveable bones to joints |
| tendons connect | muscles to bones |
| synovial fluid is | located in synovium of join capsule lubricates & facilitates movement |
| tonus | the state of muscle readiness |
| flaccid | a muscle that is limp and without tone |
| spastic | muscle with greater - than - normal tone |
| antonic muscle | denervated muscle |
| hypertrophy | increase in size |
| atrophy | decrease in muscle size |
| what are MS diagnostic tools | x ray studies, ultrasound, computed tomography, magnetic resonance imaging |
| what are concerning MS symptom | cool extremities, pallor or cyanosis, cap refill > 3 seconds, decreased or absent DTR's |
| sprain | overstretch ligament with possible tear |
| strain | overstretch of muscle or tendon |
| muscle contusion | a bruise of the muscle |
| closed (complete) | a fracture in which bone fragments separate completely |
| open (compound) | fracture of bone that protrudes to the outside of the body |
| incomplete | a fracture in which the bone fragments are still partially joined |
| compression | a fracture that consists of the crushing of cancellous bone |
| transverse | a fracture where parts of the bone are separated but close to each other |
| comminuted | a fracture with more than one fracture line and more than two bone fragments, which may be shattered or crushed |
| stress fracture | a failure of one cortical surface of the bone, often caused by repetitive activity |
| avulsion | separation of a small fragment of bone at the site of attachment of a ligament or tendon |
| greenstick | an incomplete break in the bone with the intact side of the cortex flexed (one side is broken and the other is bent) |
| impacted | one part of the fracture is compressed into an adjacent part of the fracture |
| spiral fracture | twisting force causes a fracture line that encircles the shaft of the bone |
| 1st stage of bone healing | fracture & inflammatory phase |
| 2nd stage of bone healing | granulation tissue formation |
| 3rd stage of bone healing | callus formation consisting of osteoblasts & chondroblasts |
| 4th stage of bone healing | lamellar bone deposition |
| 5th stage of bone healing | remodeling |
| fat embolism | occurs when fat globules form the marrow of fractured bone enter the circulation |
| delayed union | fracture healing taking longer than expected |
| nonunion | fracture with no chance of healing |
| malunion | healing of bone in an unacceptable position |
| if there is poor perfusion and neurovascular changes, what would you see? | pulselessness, pallor, paresthesia, paralysis, pain |
| what is rhabdomyolysis | muscle breakdown |
| rhabdomyolysis triad of symptoms | myalgia, weakness, and myoglobinuria |
| who is at risk for developing an infection after a MS injury | diabetes, drugs, peripheral vascular disease |
| joint dislocation | when articular surfaces of bones are not aligned |
| what is a pathological fracture | bone is weakened - fracture occurs without significant trauma |
| who is at highest risk for a hip fracture? | very high incidence among older adults & associated with a high risk of mortality |
| bursitis | inflammation of the bursae of joints |
| symptoms of bursitis | pain, swelling, stiffness around joint |
| causes of bursitis | repetitive movements, excessive pressure on joints, injury |
| tendonitis | inflammation of tendons |
| symptoms of tendonitis | severe pain at affected pain, tenderness, mild swelling or thickening |
| causes of tendonitis | repetitive movements, excessive pressure on joints, injury |
| carpal tunnel syndrome | median nerve pressed at the wrist |
| symptoms of carpal tunnel syndrome | pain, tingling, numbness of hand, fingers, weakness in hands |
| causes of carpal tunnel syndrome | pregnancy, trauma, occupation, diabetic neuropathy, hypothyroidism |
| what is necessary to have in our diet for bone health | calcitonin |
| PTH helps regulate calcium how? | activate bone formation and bone breakdown |
| Vitamin D helps regulate calcium how? | facilitates absorption of calcium |
| calcitonin helps regulate calcium how? | enhances calcium entry into bone & inhibits osteoclast |
| which sex hormones play a role in bone health? | tesosterone and estrogen |
| arthropathy | joint disorder |
| monoarticular | arthritis of one joint |
| polyarticular | arthritis of more than 1 joint |
| cartilage is made up of | chondrocyte and is a thin flexible tissue on the surfaces of the ends of 2 opposing joints and provides cushion |
| how does the cartilage deteriorate and what does it lead to? | osteoarthritis |
| osteoporosis risk factors | female, family history, hyperthyroidism |
| primary causes of osteoporosis | prolonged negative calcium balance |
| secondary causes of osteoporosis | disorders that affect bone tissue |
| symptoms of osteoporosis | severe back pain, loss of height, kyphosis |
| diagnosis of osteoporosis | dual energy x ray absorptiometry |
| risk factors of osteoarthritis | aging, obesity, participation in sports |
| causes of osteoarthritis | trauma to joints over course of life |
| symptoms of osteoarthritis | deep, aching joint pain, joint pain in cold weather, joint tenderness, decrease range of motion |
| diagnosis of osteoarthritis | no specific test; serum markers, physical exam, x - ray |
| risk factors of degenerative disc disease | acute injuries, obesity, smoking, demanding jobs |
| causes of degenerative disc disease | nervous system affected as vertebral disc distortions compromise spinal nerves |
| symptoms of lumbar DDD | pain in lower back radiates down the back of leg, pain in butt or thighs, pain that worsens when sitting or bending, foot drop |
| symptoms of cervical DDD | chronic neck pain, numbing or tingling in arm or hand |
| diagnosis of DDD | X ray, MRI, EEG |
| how can bone get infected? | due to break in the bone, infection in the blood stream |
| osteomyelitis | an infection of the bone |
| what causes osteomyelitis | s. auerus |
| 3 categories of osteomyelitis | hematogenous, contiguous, chronic |
| hematogenous osteomyelitis | rapid onset of symptoms; most causes in children |
| contiguous osteomyelitis | trauma and surgery are common causes & decubitus ulcers |
| chronic osteomyelitis | longer than 6-8 weeks, lack of response to medications, necrotic bone & increased gangrene risk |
| what are symptoms of OM and who is at risk | increased risk are people with DM or PVD chills, malaise, fever, erythema, edema |
| how is OM diagnosed | CBC, ESR, C- RP bone biopsy to confirm |
| what is gout | a form of arthritis that causes severe pain, swelling, redness & tenderness in joints |
| how is gout triggered | by hyperuricemia |
| what is primary gout | metabolic disorder |
| what is secondary gout | due to other disorders |
| what part of the body can gout affect and what symptoms are there | affects first metatarsal pain presents with redness, warmth & swelling |
| tophi | uric acid crystals may be deposited in subcutaneous tissue |
| podagara | acute inflammation of metatarsophalangeal joint of great toe |
| what are the risk factors for gout | diet high in meat, high alc assumption, obesity |
| what are the complications of gout | destruction of cartilage & bone, joint deformity, kidney stones |
| the gold standard to diagnose gout is | aspiration of joint showing urate crystals |
Created by:
sammy.e7
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