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AP75 Unit 2 Exam

Anatomy & Physiology

QuestionAnswer
Why is it important for manual therapists to thoroughly understand the structures and functions of the muscular system? Muscle pain and tension may be the most common reason people seek manual therapy treatments.
How does the muscular system help maintain body temperature? Heat is generated as a byproduct of muscle contraction.
What is the function of a tendon? Connect muscle to bone
Which muscle attachment is generally on the non-moving bone during motion? Origin
A skeletal muscle fiber, or muscle cell is made up of smaller fibers called ______________. Myofibrils
What change occurs in the muscles during concentric contraction? the muscle shortens
What change occurs in a muscle during an eccentric contraction? Tension increases and the muscle lengthens
What kind of contraction occurs in the hamstrings when you bend your knee to climb stairs? Concentric
What method of energy production generates the highest amount of ATP? Aerobic cellular metabolism
What is the KREBS cycle? An aerobic metabolic process in which ATP is produced by converting pyruvic acid into carbon dioxide and water
After a bout of extended exercise, the breathing rate remains elevated for the amount of time it takes to metabolize lactic acid, which is called: Repaying the oxygen debt
The physiologic processes that occur as the oxygen debt is paid back include: metabolizing lactic acid and replenishing energy supplies.
A wheelbarrow and standing heel-raise exercises are examples of which class of lever? Second
What are the major divisions of the nervous system? Central and peripheral
Which of these structures is a primary component of the central nervous system? Spinal cord
Which glial cell produces myelin in the central nervous system? Oligodendrocytes
What is the term for the small gaps between Schwann cells in the myelin sheath of axons? Nodes of Ranvier
Which of these cranial nerves is a sensory-only nerve? Olfactory
What number is the facial nerve? VII
Which cranial nerve innervates the abdominal viscera? Vagus
The olfactory and gustatory receptors are both examples of what type of receptor? Chemoreceptor
What kind of stimulus are nociceptors sensitive to? Tissue damage
What is the name of the connective tissue covering around the brain and spinal cord? Meninges
What is the name of the middle layer of meninges? Arachnoid mater
What is the name of the specialized capillaries that produce cerebrospinal fluid? Choroid plexus
What region of the brain contains the thalamus and hypothalmus? Diencephalon
What is the function of the medulla oblongata? Serves as the center for respiratory, cardiac, and vasomotor reflexes.
Which lobe of the cerebral cortex contains the primary motor and speech control centers? Frontal
What is the name of the thin epithelial tissue layer of the heart wall that is the inner surface of each chamber? Endocardium
What is the other anatomic name for the mitral valve? Bicuspid
Which chamber of the heart receives blood from the inferior vena cava? Right atrium
Which of these valves is a semilunar valve? Aortic
What chamber of the heart pumps blood into the aorta? Left ventricle
Which portion of the cardiac conduction system serves as the pacemaker? Sinoatrial valve
What are the two divisions of the cardiovascular system? Pulmonary and systemic
What major blood vessel completes the pulmonary division of circulation by returning oxygenated blood to the heart? Pulmonary vein
The primary influences over venous flow are the one-way valves and _______________________. skeletal muscle contractions
Which of these changes would cause blood pressure to increase? Vasoconstriction
What is the "normal' blood pressure reading for an average-sized adult? 120 over 80
Which external signs are the best indicators that tissue repair has passed into the subacute phase? No heat or redness is observed or palpated
What is the other phase for the subacute phase of tissue healing? Proliferative phase
The cardiovascular system contributes to tissue healing in two ways; transportation of repair materials and removal of cellular debris, plus: the clotting process
What portion of plasma consists of dissolved or suspended particles and elements like hormones, electrolytes, and plasma proteins? 10%
What is the most abundant type of plasma protein? Albumins
Which group of plasma proteins includes antibodies, complements, and clotting factors? Globulins
Which group of plasma proteins functions as carrier proteins for steroid hormones and contributes the most to osmotic pressure of blood to maintain blood volume? Albumins
What is the anatomic name for red blood cells? Erythrocyte
What is the function of the leukocytes? Immune response
Which of these formed elements is an example of an agranular leukocyte? Lymphocyte
Which category of formed elements is the most abundant type of cell in the blood? Erythrocyte
Why is the muscular layer in arteries thicker than that in veins? It makes them more resilient and creates a recoil that is important for arterial flow.
Nutrient and waste exchanges occur in what type of blood vessel? Capillary
What is the name for the small blood vessels that carry blood out of a capillary bed? Venules
Which of the following is NOT a function of the cardiovascular system? Controls fluid volumes and cellular sensitivity to stimulus
What is the most abundant type of plasma protein? Albumins
Which group of plasma proteins includes antibodies, complements, and clotting factors? Globulins
Which group of plasma proteins functions as carrier proteins for steroid hormones and contributes the most to osmotic pressure of blood to maintain blood volume? Albumins
What is the function of the leukocytes? Immune response
What is the name of the protein that gives red blood cells their capacity to carry blood gases? Hemoglobin
Which category of formed elements is the most abundant type of cell in blood? Erythrocyte
What is the final step in blood clot formation? Coagulation
What local tissue changes occur when histamine is released by mast cells, basophils and platelets in the area of tissue trauma? Vasodilation and increased capillary permeability
One hundred percent of fluid filtered out of cardiovascular capillaries is returned to circulation via: the lymphatic system
Why is it important for all manual therapists to fully understand the lymphatic system's fluid return process? We need to be able to recognize different forms of edema and know the indications and contraindications for manual therapy.
Similar to plasma, lymph fluid is mostly made of of what two substances? Water and electolytes
Which type of lymphatic vessel is the largest? lymphatic ducts
Which of the following is the best description of lymph flow? Movement of fluid inside the lymph vessel network and return of lymph to the blood
Interstitial fluid must flow through pre-lymphatic channels before entering the initial vessels of the lymphatic network in which of these tissues? Epidermis and endomysium
How do lymphatic manual therapy techniques stimulate the siphon effect to enhance lymphatic flow? Use deep breathing to empty the cisterna chyli and light stroking at the neck to facilitate flow at the terminus
What is the catchment for lymph for the anterior leg and both anterior and posterior thigh? Inguinal
The cells, tissues, and organs of which two body systems carry out most of the immune responses in the body? Circulatory and lymphatic
Examples of secondary lymphoid tissues and organs include lymph nodes and spleen, plus: Peyer's patches and tonsils
What type of T lymphocyte directly destroys the antigen? Cytotoxic T cells
Which of these is an example of artificially acquired active immunity? Vaccinations
Transmission of antibodies from mother to child is an example of what type of immunity? Naturally acquired passive
Created by: AmyFu24
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