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child psych: ch. 1
vocabulary + key concepts for chapter 1
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| child development | the ways people grow and change until adulthood |
| culture | total pattern of a group's customs, beliefs, art, and technology |
| individualism | cultural values such as independence and self expression |
| collectivism | cultural values such as obedience and group harmony |
| traditional cultures | people in rural areas of developing countries (tend to adhere to norms more than people in urban areas) |
| majority culture | within country, cultural group that sets most of norms + standards |
| contexts | settings that contribute to variation sin pathways of child development |
| socioeconomic status (SES) | person's social class (educational level, income level, occupational status) |
| gender | CULTURAL categories of "male" and "female" |
| ethnicity | group identity (may include: cultural origin, cultural traditions, race, religion, language, etc.) |
| ontogenetic development | typical development of individuals with a given species |
| phylogenetic development | evolutionary development of an entire species |
| natural selection | evolutionary process--offspring best adapted to environment to survive then go on to reproduce |
| Homo sapiens | species of modern humans |
| civilization | form of human social life (began approx. 5,000 years ago) |
| evolutionary psychology | exams how patterns of human functioning and behavior resulted from adaptations to evolutionary condiitions |
| child study movement | (20th century) organized effort that advocated for scientific research on child/adolescent development |
| Psychosexual theory -who's theory? -basic definition | -Freud's theory -sexual desire is driving force behind psychological development |
| oral stage -age it occurs -what is it? | -infancy -sexual sensations = concentrated in mouth (sucking, biting, chewing) |
| anal stage -age it occurs -what is it? | -approx. 1.5-3yrs -sexual sensations = concentrated in anus (elimination, fascination w/ feces |
| phallic stage -age it occurs -what is it? | -approx. 3-6 yrs -sexual sensations = concentrated in genitals (desires focused on opposite sex parent |
| latency stage -age it occurs -what is it? | -approx. 6yrs-start of puberty -incestuous desires for opposite sex parent; child fears punishment and represses desires + identifies w/ same sex parent to learn social/intellectual skills |
| genital stage -age it occurs -what is it? | -start of puberty - onwards -sexual desire reemerges, but for non-family members |
| menarche | girl's 1st period |
| emerging adulthood | late teens through mid 20s - people gradually work toward taking on adult responsibilities |
| 8 stages of development -name -age range they occur | -prenatal: conception to birth -infancy: birth - 12 months -toddlerhood: 12 - 26 months -early childhood: 3-6 yrs -middle childhood: 6-9 yrs -early adolescence: 10-14 yrs -late adolescence: 15-18 yrs -emerging adulthood: 18-25 yrs |
| cultural-developmental model | study of development within and across cultures to understand both what is universal and what is culturally distinctive |
| scientific method -broad definition -5 steps | -process of scientific investigations, involving a series of steps - 1. identify a research question -2. propose hypothesis -3. choose research measurement and design -4. collect data -5. draw conclusions |
| hypothesis | researcher's idea about one possible answer to the questions proposed for investigation |
| research measurement | approach to collecting data (ex: questionnaires, observations, interviews) |
| research design | master plan of when, where, and with whom to collect data for study |
| sample | people included in a given study; intended to represent population of interest |
| population | entire group of people the sample aims to represent |
| procedure | step-by-step order in which study is conducted |
| theory | framework that presents a set of interconnected ideas in an original way and inspires further research |
| informed consent | informing potential participants of what their participation would involve, including possible risks |
| questionnaire | written questions where participant typically select among answers chosen by researcher |
| quantitative data | data collected in numerical form |
| interviews | spoken questions where participants typically are free to provide their own answers |
| experimental design | comparing an experimental group that receives a treatment of some kind to a control group that receives no treatment |
| independent variable | in experiment, variable that is different for experimental than control group |
| dependent variable | in experiment, the outcome that is measure to calculate the results of the experiment by comparing experimental group to control group |
| interventions | program intended to change the attitudes and/or behavior of participants |
| natural experiment | a situation that occurs naturally but that provides interesting scientific information to observer |
| ethnographic research | research design that involves spending extensive time among those being studied |
| case study | detailed examination of a particular person, group, or situation over time |
| correlation | statistical relationship between two variables that shows that one variable makes it possible to predict the other (DOES NOT IMPLY CAUSATION) - ranges from -1-1 -positive = relationship in same direction -negative = relationship in opposite direction |
| nomothetic | research aimed at providing universal knowledge |
| idiographic | research aimed at providing knowledge of individual development |
| sociocultural | research aimed at providing knowledge of particular cultural and social groups |
| globalization | increasing worldwide technological and economic integration, which is making different parts of the world increasingly connected |
| reliability | extent to which measurements generate consistent results |
| validity | truthfulness of a measurement (measures what it claims to measure) |
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