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PSY Exam 1
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Psychology | The scientific study of the mind and behavior |
| The Mind correlates with... | Inner thoughts and feelings |
| Behavior correlates with... | Outward- What we do |
| What are the 3 Factors of Influence on Mental Processes and Behaviors? | 1. Biological Influences 2. Psychological 3. Social/Cultural |
| What are Biological Influences? | Also known as "innate influences". Ex: Natural Selection, Genetics, Brain, and Hormones |
| What is Psychological? | Learned from past personal experiences. Ex: Fears/expectations, emotions, cognition, and perceptual interpretations |
| What is Social/Cultural? | Learned from culture and the people we associate with. Ex: Presence of others (ex: clergy), Societal/Cultural expectations, peer/group influence, and models (ex: Media) |
| 1800's Psychology came from? | A mixture of Philosophy and Biology. |
| Who was Wundt in 1879? | He is known as the Father of Psychology. His goal was to identify components of consciousness. And his tool was Introspection (which is saying out loud what you're thinking). |
| Who was Student Titchener? | He wanted to "break down" the brain into individual parts. |
| Who was William James in the 1870's? | He was the First American Psychologist. He was also Darwinism influenced. Also had to do with Functionalism |
| What is Functionalism? | Continued to break down mental processes into smaller parts but examined how mental activities help an organism fit into its environment/change. |
| Who was a part of Gestalt Psychology? | Wertheimer with Koffka and Kohler. |
| During what time period was Gestalt Psychology? | 1890's-1930's |
| What was a "big thing" during Gestalt Phychology? | Perception! |
| What is Reductionism? | A psychological theory focused on reducing complex phenomena into their most basic parts. |
| When did Psychological Science develop? | Early 1900's |
| What did Freud have to do with in the 1920's? | Psychoanalysis and the unconscious mind |
| What did Watson and Skinner have to do with in the 1940's? | Behaviorism |
| What is Behaviorism? | It is just what you can observe and measure |
| What did Watson's experiments deal with? | Fear |
| Who was a part of the 1960's split with Humanism? | Maslow and Rogers |
| What is Maslow's hierarchy of needs? | A theory of psychology explaining human motivation based on the pursuit of different levels of need. |
| What is Chomsky known for? | Cognitive Revolution |
| What is Cognitive Revolution? | Going back into the mind systematically. Cognitive Revolution is also more aligned with European psychology. It is also interdisciplinary (Ex: Neuroscience) |
| What is Cross-Cultural Psychology? | The study of the difference between specific cultural groups |
| What are the two kinds of Cross-Cultural Psychology groups? | Individualistic and Collectivist |
| What is Culture? | The sum of all values, rules of behavior, forms of expression, and religious beliefs. |
| What are some examples of Cultural Influences? | Religion, Race/Ethnicity, Gender, Education Level, Occupation, Relationship Styles, and Sexual Orientation. |
| What is the definition of Biological? | Structure and function of the Nervous System, especially the brain; the action of hormones and other chemicals; and genetics |
| What is the definition of Evolutionary? | Emphasizes the ways that behavior and mental processes are adaptive for ultimate survival of the species. |
| What is the definition of Psychodynamic? | Emphasizes unconscious internal conflicts which usually pit sexual or aggressive instincts against environmental obstacles to their expression. |
| What is the definition of Behavioral? | Emphasizes learning based on a person's experience with rewards and punishments. |
| What is the definition of Cognitive? | Emphasizes mechanisms through which people receive, store, retrieve, and otherwise process information. |
| What is the definition of Humanistic? | Emphasizes individual potential for growth and the role of unique perceptions in guiding behavior and mental processes. |
| What is the definition of Cross-Cultural? | Examines influences of one's cultural identity on mental processes and behavior. |
| What is Contemporary Psychology? | Areas of specialization; Varying influences of approaches |
| What are some examples of Contemporary Psychology? | Biopsych, Evolutionary, Sensation and Perception, Cognitive, Developmental, Personality, Social, and Industrial-Organizational, Health, etc. |
| Why is research important? | Facts vs. Opinions |
| What is "Empirical Knowledge"? | Based on data; Observable/ Measurable; Variables but also sample, research design |
| What is the definition of subjective? | More opinion |
| What is the definition of objective? | More facts |
| What does Parameter mean? | Characteristics that define the scope of a particular study |
| What does Construct mean? | More than one way to measure something |
| Conceptual Variables are?? | Construct |
| What is a Variable? | Measured or manipulated by the reasearcher |
| Measured is what? | The Dependent variable |
| Manipulated is what? | The Independent variable |
| What is the definition of Population regarding to Sampling and Randomization? | The entire group your study relates to |
| What is the definition of Random Sample? | Equal chance of inclusion |
| What is the definition of Random Assignment? | To control and Experimental conditions |
| What is the definition of Single Blind? | When the person doesn't know but the researcher does |
| What is the definitions of Double Blind? | Both researcher and person don't know |
| What is Descriptive Reasearch? | Usually shown in bar graphs and normally about 1 variable |
| What is Predictive Research? | Dealing with Relationships; and must have 2 Variables |
| What are Correlations? | Correlations deal with relationships. They have 3 types: Positive, Negative, and No Correlation. They can range from -1.0 to 1.0. They Closer to -1 or 1, the stronger the relationship. The closer to 0, no relationship. |
| What is Experimental Research? | Must have at least 2 variables. Deals with Independent and Dependent Variables. Deals with Random Selection and Assignment. |
| What is an Independent Variable? | Manipulated by researcher; Must enable random assignment to conditions. |
| What is a Dependent Variable? | Measured as part of the study (Ex. Collected numerical data) |
| What are the 3 Research related claims? | Frequency, Association, and Casual |
| What are Frequency Claims? | Descriptive Research; One measured variable (typically a %); Typically expressed as a percent OR numbers for a single variable (Ex. 7 in 1 prefer). |
| What are Association Claims? | Predictive Research ("correlation"); At least 2 measured variables; 3 types of correlation: positive, negative, or no correlation. Common verbs for this: linked to, at higher/lower risk, for, associated with, correlated with, etc. |
| What are Causal Claims? | Experimental Research; At least 2 variables ( one measure: Dependent; and one manipulated: Independent). Common Verbs: Causes, Affects, May curb, Changes, Makes, Promotes, Enhance, May lead to, etc. |
| What is Quasi-Experimental? | If independent variable is a subject variable. Same limitations as Association Claims but use same analyses as Casual Claims. |
| What is the Scientific Method? | A form of critical thinking |
| What is a Case Study? | A in-depth study of an individual/group |
| What are the 2 types of observation? | Naturalistic and Controlled |
| What are surveys? | Self-report attitudes, opinions, or behaviors |
| What is Archival Research? | Uses existing records/data sets to look at patterns/relationships |
| What is the longitudinal research method? | Compares the same group over time |
| What is cross-sectional research method? | Different group compared at the same time |
| What is Attrition Rate? | The drop out rate |
| What is Ethics in Research? | Making people aware of their rights |
| What is the concern for Humans? | Institutional Review Board (IRB), Informed Consent, Protect from harm/discomfort, Confidentiality, If deception, then debrief. |
| What is the concern for Animals? | Institutional Animal Care and use committee (IACUC), and similar guidelines and animal welfare |
| What are the 4 parts to Charles Darwin: Natural Selection? | 1. Each species shows variation 2. Competition within each species for food, living space, water, mates, etc. 3. "Survival of the fittest". 4. The survivors will pass on their better genes to their offspring who'll show this beneficial variation. |
| What are the 2 Classes of Adaptation in Natural Selection? | Survival and Sexual |
| What is Survival Adaptations? | To ensure survival success |
| What is Sexual Selection? | To ensure reproductive success |
| What is the Gene Selection Theory? | The modern theory of evolution by which differential gene replicaiton is the defining process of evolutionary change. |
| What is Evolutionary Psychology? | Universal patterns of adaptive behavior and cognitive process over long periods of time. |
| What is Behavior Genetics? | How heredity and environment contribute to individual differences. |
| What is Heredity? | The passing of genetic traits from parents to offspring |
| What are Family Studies? | When you examine genetic matters and prevalence of characteristic/disorders based on inheritance. |
| What are the 3 types of studies? | Family studies, Twin studies, and Adoption studies |
| What is the Nervous System? | A system in the body that controls and coordinates all essential functions of the human body. It is a network of cells that carries information to and from all parts of the body |
| What are the 2 main parts of the Nervous System? | Central and Peripheral Nervous System |
| What is the Central Nervous System? | The brain and spinal cord; The body's decision maker |
| What is the Peripheral Nervous System? | The nerves; It gathers information and transmits Central Nervous System decisions to other parts of the body |
| What are the 2 Neurotransmitters that we have to know? | Glutamate and GABA |
| What does Glutamate aid in? | Brain function; Memory; Learning (Epilepsy) |
| What does GABA aid in? | Brain function; sleep (Effects of alcohol) |
| What is the primary cell type of a neuron? | Neuron |
| What are the 5 parts of a neuron? | Dendrites, Terminal Branches of an Axon, Axon, Myelin Sheath, Cell Body |
| What do Dendrites do? | Receive messages from other cells |
| What do Terminal Branches of an Axon do? | Form junctions with other cells |
| What does the Axon do? | Passes messages away from the cell body to other neurons, muscles, or glands |
| What does the Myelin Sheath do? | Covers the axon of some neurons and helps speed neural impulses |
| What is Neural Impulse? | ACTION POTENTIAL; an electrical signal traveling down the axon. |
| What does the cell body do? | It is the cell's life-support center. |
| What are Glial Cells? | Assist/ helper cells |
| What is Plasticity? | How your brain changes. This occurs through action potential |
| What is the 1st step of Electrochemical communication? | An action potential shoots down the axon, away from the cell body. |
| What is the 2nd step of Electrochemical communication? | A neurotransmitter is released into the synapse, where the dendrites of neighboring neurons detect it. |
| What is the 3rd step of Electrochemical communication? | If there is a receptor for this neurotransmitter on the dendrites, the neurotransmitter and receptor bind, creating an electrochemical signal. |
| What is the 4th step of Electrochemical communication? | If that signal is strong enough, it spreads down the dendrites and across the cell body of the next neuron and begins another action potential. |
| What is the main "chemical of the Endocrine System? | Hormones |
| What does the Hypothalamus do? | It is the Master Brain Region. It releases hormones and tells the Pituitary gland what to do |
| What does the Pituitary Gland do? | It is the Master Gland. It releases hormones and tells the other glands to release hormones. |
| What does the Endocrine System do? | Uses hormones to travel through your circulatory system to reach target organs |
| What hormone does the Pineal Gland release? | Melatonin, which is used for sleep |
| What hormones does the Pituitary Gland release? | GH, TSH, ACTH, FSH, MSH, LH, Prolactin, Vasopressin, and Oxytocin (which is for bonding) |
| what hormones do the Adrenal Gland release? | Noradrenaline, Adrenaline, Androgens, and Glucosteroids (which is for stress) |
| How many cells does the Nervous System act on at once? | Only 1 or a few |
| Does the Nervous System travel long or short distances? | Short |
| How is the Nervous Systems response? | Fast and Fleeting |
| Does the Endocrine System travel long or short distances? | Long |
| How many cells does the Endocrine System act on? | Many cells and organs |
| How is the Endocrine System' s response? | Slow and Sustained |
| What is the Cerebral Cortex? | The outer layer of the brain with 4 lobes |
| What does the Frontal Lobe control? | Reasoning, motor control, emotion, personality, and problem solving |
| What does the Parietal Lobe control? | Sensory information, Body orientation (directions) |
| What does the Occipital lobe control? | Vision |
| What does the Temporal Lobe control? | Hearing, memory, emotion, speech, and language |
| What does the Cerebellum control? | Balance and Coordination |
| What is the Forebrain? | The Subcortical Structures |
| What does the Thalamus control? | All senses except smell; also the Gatekeeper (makes decisions) |
| What does the Hypothalamus control? | Homeostasis and the 5 F's |
| What are the 5 F's? | Furnace, Feeding, Fighting, Fleeing, and Fornicating |
| What does the Amygdala control? | Emotion |
| What does the Hippocampus control? | Learning and Memory |
| What is Contralateral? | The left and right limbs are controlled by opposite sides |
| What controls output? | The Motor Cortex |
| What controls input? | The Sensory Cortex |
| What does the VTA control? | Reward and Addiction (Dopamine) |
| What does the Substantia Nigra control? | Movement (Dopamine) |
| What are the 3 parts of the Hindbrain? | Pons, Medulla, and Cerebellum |
| What is the pons and what does it control? | It is considered the bridge. The pons regulates brain activity during sleep. |
| What does the Medulla control? | Automatic processes (Ex. heart rate) |
| What does the Cerebellum control? | Balance, motor skills, and procedural memory |
Created by:
scartwright4
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