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psy research methods
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is a hypothesis? | an idea or explanation for something that is based on known facts but has not yet been proved |
| An operational definition? | describes behavior so that it is observable and measurable |
| What does it mean if a finding is statistically significant? | the result of a study is unlikely to be due to chance |
| Case study | detailed study of a specific subject, like a person, group, place, event, organization, or phenomenon. advantages: in-depth analysis, ability to study complex phenomena. disadvantages: limited generalizability, potential bias. |
| Naturalistic observation | method involves observing subjects in natural environment. advantages: flexibility, external validity, suitability for topics unfeasible in lab. disadvantages: lack of scientific control, ethical concerns, potential bias from observers & subjects. |
| Survey | participants answer questions from researchers, collecting large data quantities quickly. But surveys may have low response rates, leading to biased results. |
| Experimental method | manipulating one variable to determine if this causes changes in another variable. Advantages include experiments that can be replicated and their reliability can be tested. Disadvantages include people may behave differently in the experimental setting |
| Single subject design | single individual serves as their own control. Advantages: evaluate treatments for individuals with specific characteristics. Disadvantages: difficulty in external validity, generalizability due to small sample, lack of randomization, and control group |
| Double blind method | in clinical trials, neither the participants nor the researcher knows the treatment assigned. This helps eliminate bias and produce reliable results, but can lead to unblinding and cost challenges. |
| Quasi-experimental method | studies that aim to evaluate interventions but that do not use randomization. Advantages include real-life applicability and being ethical. Disadvantages include no random assignment and less control |
| Natural experiment | natural experiments are conducted in natural conditions. Advantages: natural behavior, lack of demand characteristics. Disadvantages: no control over confounding variables, lack of objectivity in measuring abstract terms. |
| Laboratory (simulation) design | an experiment that uses a carefully controlled setting. advantages include high internal validity, standardized procedures and the ability to draw causal conclusions. disadvantages include low ecological validity and demand characteristics. |
| Which of those are descriptive research methods? | survey, case studies, and naturalistic observation |
| How is a natural experiment different from naturalistic observation? | in any experimentation the researcher manipulates conditions or variables to assess their effects, but in naturalistic observations, he/she does not |
| Which of these methods can isolate cause-effect relationships? | experimental method |
| What is a correlation? | a statistical technique that is used to measure and describe a relationship between two variables |
| Positive correlations | when one variable increases, the other variable also increases, |
| Negative correlation | when one variable increases, the other variable decreases |
| Which British primatologist conducted one of the longest naturalistic observational studies on primate behavior in the wild? | jane goodall |
| What were her findings over the 30 years she studied chimps in the wild? | are individuals with distinct personalities, form strong and loving bonds, grieve the death of a family member, use and make tools, embrace, tickle one another, shake their fists in anger, pat each other on the back |
| What research method did biologist Alfred Kinsey use to collect sex data on American adults in the 1940s and 1950s? | interviews |
| Independent variable | what is manipulated |
| Dependent variable | what is measured |
| Confounding (control) | variable that influences both the independent and dependent variable |
| Which of these variables is under the experimenter's control? | independent variable |
| Why is it important to manipulate only one variable at a time? | ensures that the experimental outcome is clearly due to one identifiable factor |
| What is meant by random sampling (selection)? | a sampling method that allows for the randomization of sample selection |
| Why is random assignment to subject groups so important? | enhances the internal validity of the study, because it ensures that there are no systematic differences between the participants in each group |
| Distinguish between the experimental and control groups. | An experimental group, also known as a treatment group, receives the treatment whose effect researchers wish to study, whereas a control group does not |
| Why is it necessary to have a control group? | allows researchers to compare the results of an experimental group to a benchmark |
| Experimenter bias | a type of bias that occurs when a researcher's expectations, beliefs, or preconceptions influence the outcome of a study |
| Demand characteristics | cues that might indicate the study aims to participants |
| Placebo | a fake treatment that appears real but has no therapeutic benefit |
| The placebo effect | when a person's physical or mental health appears to improve after taking a placebo or 'dummy' treatment |
| Why is a placebo used? | to test the effectiveness of treatments |
| Which research method effectively controls these confounding variables? | randomization |
| What was the Tuskegee Syphilis Study? | record the natural history of syphilis in Black people |
| When was the Tuskegee Syphilis Study conducted? | 1932 |
| What purpose for the syphilis study? | examine the effects of untreated syphilis |
| What specific ethical violations were committed in the Tuskegee Syphilis Study? | racism, unfair selection in research |
| How long did the Tuskegee Syphilis Study go on? | 40 years |
| When was the Tuskegee Syphilis Study eventually terminated? | October 1972 |
| Why was the Tuskegee Syphilis Study eventually terminated? | ethically unjustified |
| What were the Nazi Medical War Crimes? | unethical medical experimentation |
| When did the nazi medical war crimes occur? | WW2 |
| What was the purpose of the Nuremberg trials? | punish german guilty of horrific crimes |
| What is the Nuremberg Code? | a set of research ethics principles for human experimentation set in 1947 as a result of the Nuremberg Trials of Nazi war criminals at the end of WWII |
| When did the APA first establish an ethical code for research involving human subjects? | 1953 |
| Describe Stanley Milgram's research on obedience. | examined people's willingness to obey authority |
| What were Stanley Milgram's findings? | a significant majority of people will obey orders from an authority figure, even if those orders involve harming another person |
| Were there any conditions that decreased obedience? | the presence of authority figures, group dynamics, social norms, and situational ambiguity. |
| What was the dependent variable in Stanley Milgram's research? | the participants' willingness to obey the instruction |
| Why were the Milgram studies so controversial? | involved significant deception of participants causing extreme mental problems by making them believe they were harming and shocking another person while exploring the power of authority |
| What did the Solomon Asch group conformity studies show? | people conform to a group opinion even though they know the groups answer is wrong |
| Describe Phillip Zimbardo’s Stanford Prison Experiment. | a 6 day simulation of a prison environment that examined the effects of situational variables on participants reactions and behavior |
| What was the purpose of the Stanford Prison Experiment research? | examine the psychological effects of authority and powerlessness in a prison environment |
| What research design did Zimbardo use? | Quasi-experimental design |
| How long was the Stanford Prison Experiment to last? | 6 days |
| Who were the subjects and how were they recruited for the Stanford Prison Experiment? | college boys, an ad was put into the newspaper and willing participants agreed |
| What happened during the Stanford Prison Experiment? | Some guards became cruel while many prisoners became depressed and disoriented |
| When was the study terminated and why? | august 1971, it was getting out of control by degrading actions being perpetrated by the guards |
| Debriefing (dehoaxing) | inform participants the specifics of the experiment |
| Desensitizing | a process that reduces a person's emotional response to a stimulus after repeated exposure |
| What is meant by informed consent? | researchers describe their research project and obtain their subjects consent to participate |
| What is an Institutional Review Board (aka Human Subjects Review Board)? | a committee that reviews research proposals involving human subjects to ensure that the research is conducted ethically |
| What purpose does the Institutional Review Board serve? | protect the rights snd welfare of human subjects involved in research studies |
| What are the APA ethical principles researchers must abide by when conducting research on human subjects? | integrity, justice and respect for people's rights and dignity |
| The Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee (IACUC) is required to have which two individuals on the committee are not affiliated with the research institution? | one non affiliated member and a non scientist |
| What is the purpose of IACUC? | To ensure that animals are treated humanely an ethically |
| Which animals are most commonly used in psychological research? | rats, mice, and birds |
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