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psy neuron
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Dendrites | to receive information from other neurons |
| Cell body | store organelles of the cell and regulate production of proteins and lipids needed by the rest of the neuron |
| Axon | connects neurons so that they can communicate |
| Why are the dendrites called the “receiving” portion of the neuron? | receive inputs from axons |
| Why is the axon called the “sending” portion of the neuron? | transmits electrical impulses away from the cell body, carrying the signal to other neurons, muscles, or glands |
| Why is the membrane of the neuron said to be semipermeable? | it only allows certain molecules to pass through |
| What are glial cells? | provide physical and chemical support to neurons and maintain their environment |
| What purpose do glial cells serve? | maintain homeostasis and clean up debris |
| What is the myelin sheath? | a fatty layer that insulates and protects nerve cells in the brain and spinal cord |
| What type of cells make up myelin sheath structure? | oligodendrocytes and schwann cells |
| How does myelin speed the rate of neural conduction? | it insulates the axon and assembles voltage sodium channel cluster |
| What are the nodes of Ranvier? | small gaps in the myelin sheath that surrounds a nerve axon |
| What are ions? | an atom or molecule with a net electric charge due to the loss or gain of one or more electrons |
| What are the features of resting potential? | a stable, negative electrical charge across a cell membrane when it is not actively sending signals |
| What happens during the depolarization phase of the action potential? | the negative internal charge of the cell temporarily become more positive |
| Which ion is moving across the membrane? | sodium |
| In what direction and what happens to the inside charge? | any internal charges will move to the surface until the field inside the conductor becomes zero |
| What happens during the repolarization phase? | a cells membrane potential decreases and returns to its resting potential after depolarization |
| Which ion is moving across the membrane during repolarization? | potassium |
| In what direction and what happens to the inside charge during repolarization? | moves toward a more negative charge |
| What are the Na+-K+ pumps? | an electrogenic transmembrane ATPase |
| What purpose do Na+-K+ pumps serve? | helps maintain osmotic equilibrium and membrane potential in cells |
| Where are Na+-K+ pumps located? | the outer plasma membrane of cells |
| Why are action potentials said to be "all or none?" | a neuron either does not reach the threshold or a full action potential is fired |
| Describe what happens during chemical transmission. | nerves communicate with one another in the nervous system |
| What are neurotransmitters? | chemical messenger that carry signals between neurons, muscles, and glands throughout the body |
| What is the synapse? | the site of transmission of electric nerve impulses between two nerve cells |
| What is the synaptic gap? | the space between the axon of one neuron and the dendrites of another neuron |
| What is synaptic vesicles? | small organelles that store and release neurotransmitters in nerve terminals |
| What effect do neurotransmitters have on the postsynaptic neuron? | causes ion channels to open or close in the postsynaptic membrane which changes the membrane potential of the cell |
| What is meant by lock-and-key specificity? | a model that describes how enzymes are highly specific to the substances they react with |
| What happens to neurotransmitters once they have changed the potential of the postsynaptic Neuron? | either broken down by enzymes in the synaptic cleft or reabsorbed back into the presynaptic neuron through a process called reuptake |
| What is meant by reuptake? | what happens after a signal is transmitted |
| Describe the action of the tricyclics | inhibits the reuptake of neurotransmitters such as serotonin which can modulate mood, attention and pain |
| Describe the monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAO-Is) | antidepressants that work by increasing the levels of certain neurotransmitters in the brain |
| Describe the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) on norepinephrine and serotonin levels. | increase in serotonin levels in the brain by blocking serotonin reuptake |
| What happens in down regulation? | decreases the number of receptor sites in cells or tissues which reduce responsiveness |
| What does cocaine do that creates an excess of dopamine in the reward center of the brain? | bind with the dopamine transporters disrupting the brains natural reward center |
| What does nicotine do that creates an excess of dopamine in the reward center of the brain? | increases dopamine levels |
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