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psy history
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Biological perspective | the physical basis for animal and human behavior |
| Psychodynamic perspective | the psychological forces that influence human feelings, emotions, and behavior |
| Behavioral perspective | the approach suggests that understanding development is primarily based on observable behavior and external environmental stimuli. |
| Humanistic perspective | a thought that focuses on the whole person rather than part of them |
| Cognitive perspective | how people think, learn, remember, and perceive events |
| Positive perspective | human success, well-being and how to help people reach their potential |
| Cross-cultural perspective | how cultural factors influence human behavior |
| Evolutionary perspective | related to the way that cognitive behaviors go through the process of natural selection just as the human body has done |
| Biological psychologist | study the brain and nervous system to understand how the brain works and how it relates to human behavior |
| Cognitive psychologist | study how the brain works – how we think, remember and learn |
| Developmental psychologist | study human growth over their lifespan |
| Experimental psychologist | use scientific methods to collect data and perform research |
| Personality psychologist | study how people’s personalities differ and how those differences affect them as individuals |
| Clinical psychologist | assess, diagnose and treat mental, emotional and behavioral disorders |
| Educational psychologist | apply theories of human development to understand individual learning and inform the instructional process |
| Social psychologist | study how people interact in social contexts and how psychology can improve those interactions |
| Health psychologist | study how patients handle illness |
| Industrial-organizational psychologist | focus on the behavior of employees in the workplace |
| What does the science of fetal origins refer to? | A theory that suggests that events that occur during early development can significantly impact a person's risk of developing certain diseases later in life |
| What diseases have been associated with what happens during prenatal development? | Asthma, depression, anemia, chronic illnesses, high blood pressure, infections, hep B, drug and alcohol use |
| What is meant by the nature-nurture debate? | The question of how much a person’s characteristics are formed by either “nature” or “nurture. |
| What important brain discovery was made in the early 1700s? | damage to one side affects the opposite side of the body |
| What important brain discovery was made in the early the 1800s? | different brain area were associated with different functions |
| What did Rene Descartes mean by interactive dualism? | That the mind and body are separate entities but work together which means our mental states can affect our physical conditions |
| Structuralism school | focuses on breaking down mental processes into the most basic components |
| Functionalism school | theory about the nature of mental states |
| Behaviorism school | theory of learning suggests that all behavior are acquired through conditioning which occurs through interaction with the environment |
| Gestalt school | they look at human mind and behavior as a whole |
| Psychoanalysis school | a treatment based on a theory that our present is shaped by our past |
| Structuralism founder | Wilhelm Wundt |
| Functionalism founder | William James |
| Behaviorism founder | John B. Watson |
| Gestalt founder | Max Wertheimer, Kurt Koffka, Wolfgang Kohler |
| Psychoanalysis founder | Sigmund Freud |
| Structuralism emphasis | analyze the basic elements of the mind |
| Functionalism emphasis | the function and purpose of mental processes in adapting to one's environment |
| Behaviorism emphasis | the study of observable behavior |
| Gestalt emphasis | perception was based on seeing things as a complete whole, not as separate components |
| Psychoanalysis emphasis | childhood experience, particularly the psychosexual stages |
| Who established the first psychological lab in Germany in 1879? | Wilhelm Wundt |
| What was introspection? | the process of examining one's own thoughts, feelings, and mental processes |
| What was introspection used to study? | the basic elements of conscious experience, like thoughts, feelings, and sensations |
| Which school advocated introspection use? | Structuralism |
| What were the contributions of G. Stanley Hall and Francis Sumner? | G. Stanley Hall mentored Francis Sumner, the first African American to receive a PhD in psychology. He helped establish developmental psychology. Sumner is known for paving the way for other Black psychologists at Howard University. |
| Who was the first woman president of the APA? | Mary Whiton Calkins |
| Who was the first American woman to earn a Ph.D. in psychology? | Margaret Floy Washburn |
| Whose essay published in the mid-1800s influenced the founder of Functionalism? | William James |
| Who wrote Principles of Psychology? | William James |
| What were the contributions of the School of Functionalism? | led directly to the emergence of behaviorism in the mid 20th century, which views human behavior as a type of 'reflex' in response to external stimuli. |
| Whose research influenced John B. Watson? | Ivan Pavlov |
| How did Watson see the new science of psychology? | Psychology is viewed as an objective, experimental science focusing on observable behavior, aiming to predict and control it through environmental factors, rather than the "science of the mind." |
| What was the focus of the Gestalt school? | the whole of anything is greater than its parts |
| How did Psychoanalysis differ from the other early classical schools? | Classical schools prioritize conscious thought and rational analysis, often focusing on philosophy and literature, while Psychoanalysis focuses on the unconscious mind and repressed desires and memories. |
| Who were two psychologists who founded the humanistic movement? | Abraham Maslow and Carl Rogers |
| When was the humanistic movement perspective established? | 13th and 14th centuries |
| Describe Maslow’s hierarchy of needs | The bottom two levels are physiological needs and safety needs. Next are social and esteem needs—also referred to as psychological needs. Self-actualization needs are at the top level |
| What does it mean to be self-actualized? | the process of becoming the best version of yourself, or reaching your full potential |
| Give one-two examples of self-actualized people. | Albert Einstein for his significant contributions to science and profound intellectual capacity, and Mother Teresa for her unwavering dedication to serving the poor and demonstrating profound compassion and altruism |
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