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Exam 1 Social Psych
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| What is Social Psychology? | scientific study of the way in which people’s thoughts, feelings, and behaviors are influenced by the real or imagined presence of other people. |
| Fundamental Attribution Error | -Pro Castro vs. Anti Castro We tend to make internal attributions for other people's behavior and underestimate the role of situational factors |
| Social Influence | -The Name of A Game -The Good Samaritan The effect that the words, actions, or mere presence of other people have on our thoughts, feelings, attitudes, or behavior. Social influence is stronger than personality/values/morals in many cases |
| Behaviorism | to understand human behavior, one need only consider the reinforcing properties of the environment: When behavior is followed by a reward it is likely to continue; when behavior is followed by a punishment it is likely to stop |
| Construal | Puts importance on the subjective way you think about an object and not the physical attributes of the object. So not the situation itself but how you construal the situation or think about it. Construals are shaped by social context |
| Naive realism | -Palestinian vs. Israeli author the idea that we perceive things “as they really are,” underestimating how much we are interpreting or “spinning” what we see |
| Motives for construals | Self-esteem motive Social cognition motive |
| Self-esteem motive | -Hazing in frats The need to feel good about oneself To protect yourself, you use self-justification |
| Social cognition motive | -Healthy choice: Lucky Charms vs. Quaker Oats the need to be accurate |
| Diffusion of Responsibility | -Kitty Genovese’s Murder + Witnesses to a Seizure The more people who witness an emergency, the less likely it is that any one of them will intervene |
| Internal Validity | Making sure that nothing besides the independent variable can affect the dependent variable |
| External Validity | The extent to which the results of a study can be generalized to other situations and to other people |
| Ethnography | -Prophecy from Planet Clarion Call to City: Flee The Flood method where researchers attempt to understand a group by observing from the inside, w/out imposing preconceived notions. Goal: understand the complexity of the group by observing it in action |
| Cognitive Dissonance | a psychological state that occurs when someone has conflicting beliefs, attitudes, or actions, which causes them discomfort |
| Psychological realism | The psychological processes triggered by your experiment should be very similar to the processes triggered in real life. |
| Probability | considering results significant if the probability level is less than 5%. If the p-value < 0.05, the results might not be due to chance factors, but due to the real relationships between the variables or the independent variable in the experiments |
| Schema*** | -Prof. With Diff Personalities Mental structures that organize our knowledge of the social world. Influences the information people notice, think about, and remember Encompasses our knowledge and impression of: Other people Ourselves Social roles |
| Correlation coefficient | ranging from -1 to +1 A strong correlation coefficient is closer to 1, either negative or positive. -.70 is strong, and .70 is strong. For perfect correlation, (1.0 or -1.0) you can precisely predict one variable if you have the other. |
| Automatic Thinking | Thinking that is non-conscious, unintentional, involuntary, and effortless We often size up a new situation very quickly. |
| Accessibility | The extent to which schemas and concepts are at the forefront of people's minds and are therefore likely to be used when we are making judgments about the social world |
| 3 Reasons something becomes accessible | -Chronically accessible due to past experience. -Accessible because it is related to a current goal -Temporarily accessible because of our recent experience [“Priming”] |
| Priming | -Memory Experiment about Donald The process by which recent experiences increase the accessibility of a schema, trait, or concept |
| Self-Fulfilling Prophecy | -Elementary Students "Blooming" an expectation or belief that can influence your behaviors, thus causing the belief to come true |
| Automatic Goal Pursuit | -Religion & Money the ability to pursue goals without conscious thought or intent. This can be achieved through a number of processes like priming |
| The Macbeth effect | -"Washing Away Your Sins" the tendency to cleanse one's body, especially the hands, after feeling immoral or threatened to one's moral purity |
| Judgemental Heuristics | Mental shortcuts people use to make judgments quickly and efficiently |
| Availability heuristic | a mental shortcut that causes people to judge the likelihood of an event based on how easily examples of that event come to mind |
| Representativeness heuristic | a mental shortcut that people use to make judgments and decisions based on how similar something is to a prototype or stereotype |
| Conjunction Fallacy | -The Linda Problem a cognitive bias that occurs when people believe that the likelihood of multiple events happening together is greater than the likelihood of any one of those events happening alone |
| Barnum Effect | phenomenon that occurs when individuals believe that personality descriptions apply specifically to them (more so than to other people), despite the fact that the description is actually filled with information that applies to everyone. |
| Analytic thinking style | more prevalent in Western cultures (individualistic) Reasoning based on rules, analyzing different parts separately Not tolerant to contradiction Predict linear trends Analyzing individual parts of objects |
| Holistic thinking style | more prevalent in Eastern cultures (collectivistic) Reasoning based on relationships between parts and family resemblance, not individual, specific features |
| Attitude to Contradiction | -Strong vs. Weak Arguments -Good Samaritan & Contradiction -Open-Ended Descriptions Eastern cultures are more tolerant to contradiction than Western cultures |
| Controlled Thinking | Thinking that is conscious and effortful often intentional and voluntary too, but not always |
| Planning Fallacy | The tendency for people to be overly optimistic about how soon they will complete a project, even when they have failed to get similar projects done on time in the past |
| Counterfactual thinking | -Olympic Medals a psychological concept that involves imagining alternate outcomes to events that have already happened. It's often characterized by the phrase "what might have been" |
| Attribution theory | The way in which people explain the causes of their own and other people’s behavior |
| Internal attribution | Infer a person is behaving in a certain way because of something about the person (e.g., attitude, character, personality) |
| External attribution | Infer a person is behaving a certain way because of something about the situation. Assume most people would respond the same way in that situation |
| The Covariation Model | to form an attribution about what caused a person's behavior, we note the pattern between the presence or absence of possible causal factors and whether or not the behavior occurs Focuses on how behavior “covaries”: Across time,place,actors,targets |
| We make choices about internal versus external attributions by using three pieces of information | Consensus Distinctiveness Consistency |
| Consensus Information | The extent to which other people behave the same way toward the same stimulus as the actor does |
| Distinctiveness Information | The extent to which one particular actor behaves in the same way to different stimuli. |
| Consistency Information | The extent to which the behavior between one actor and one stimulus is the same across time and circumstances It is difficult to make either an internal or external attribution when consistency is low |
| Perceptual Salience | -Attention in Conversation The seeming importance of information that is the focus of people's attention |
| Self-Serving Attributions | Explanations for one's successes that credit internal, dispositional factors, and explanations for ones failures that blame external, situational factors |
| Belief in a just world | The assumption that people get what they deserve and deserve what they get. Type of defensive attribution. Protects you from feeling like you can be a victim of something. -”I won’t be that careless” |
| The “Bias Blind Spot” | -Susceptibility to Bias Study People realize biases in attribution can occur Believe other people more susceptible to attributional biases compared to self |
| Culture and Social Perception w/Holistic and Analytical Thinking | -How Happy/How Sad Center Person |
Created by:
jennawilk
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