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Izzy's AP Gov Unit 1
Gov Unit 1
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| How many votes were needed to pass things under the Articles? | 9 for legislation, 13 for amendments |
| What powers did Congress have under the Articles? | engage in international diplomacy, declare war, acquire territory |
| What powers did Congress lack under the Articles? | could not coin a national currency, could not summon an army (Shay's Rebellion), could not collect taxes |
| Virginia Plan | proposed by larger states - national gov't supreme, 3 branches, bicameral legislature (people elect lower house and they elect upper house), checks and balances |
| New Jersey Plan | proposed by smaller states - more limited gov't and powers, no national court system, each state gets one vote in legislature |
| Connecticut Compromise | bicameral legislature |
| Commerce Compromise | gov't can impose tariffs on imports, but not exports; gov't can regulate trade between states |
| Article IV (Full Faith and Credit Clause) | Full Faith and Credit Clause - states are open about and respect each other's laws, states cannot exclude others from privileges and immunities, extradition - tried in the state the crime was committed |
| Article V | amendment process - 2/3 vote by Congress or a proposal by 2/3 of the states with 3/4 approval of the states (at a Congress convention) |
| federalism | national and state gov'ts divide and share power |
| Amendment 1 | freedom of ___ |
| Amendment 2 | bear arms |
| Amendment 3 | quartering |
| Amendment 4 | searches and seizures |
| Amendment 5 | no double jeopardy, no self-incrimination, due process |
| Amendment 6 | speedy public trial, fair jury, cross-examination of witnesses, favorable witnesses testify, defense council, informed of crime accused |
| Amendment 7 | lawsuits and juries for lawsuits ensured |
| Amendment 8 | no cruel or unusual, no excessive fines or bails |
| Amendment 9 | listing constitutional rights doesn't limit others (defense to necessary and proper clause) |
| Amendment 10 | delegated and reserved powers for the states |
| stakeholder | anyone impacted by laws |
| public influence in the legislative branch | stakeholders make interest groups, send lobbyists |
| public influence in the executive branch | commissions, administrations, etc. allow citizens to report violations of laws |
| public influence in the judicial branch | help people challenge gov't action, wrongful convictions, public policies |
| legislative checks | veto president's veto with 2/3 vote from each house, advice and consent - suggest appointees and approve appointees from the president, impeachment - assigned to HOR, 2/3 vote by Senate |
| executive checks | veto legislature, pocket veto - refuse to sign into law, appoint federal judges, issue pardons |
| judicial checks | Supreme Court determines constitutionality of laws and presidential actions |
| Natural Rights | John Locke - people are obligated to rebel when the gov't doesn't uphold life, liberty, and property |
| Social Contract | Thomas Hobbes (and Rousseau) - give up certain rights for gov't protection |
| Popular Sovereignty | Jean-Jacques Rousseau - people choose the gov't, gov't serves the people |
| Republicanism | Baron de Montesquieu - elected leaders represent public interest, separation of powers (M has 3 separate fingers) |
| limited government | certain restrictions on the gov't - checks and balances, separation of power |
| Representative republic | group of sovereign states for national interests, needs, defense |
| referendum | citizens contest legislature |
| initiative | vote to place issues on ballot |
| pluralist democracy | non-governmental (interest) groups compete to persuade policymakers |
| Federalist #10 | for elite democracy, Constitution makes it so no one person or interest group could gain full control, larger gov't helps stall factions |
| Brutus 1 | for participatory democracy, clauses give the gov't too much power, large country causes few people to have involvement |
| expressed powers | listed powers in the Constitution |
| enumerated/delegated/exclusive powers | ex. declare war, legislate on military, diplomacy, international and interstate commerce, define certain crimes and immigration |
| reserved powers | ex. police powers, make prisons, militia; laws on elections, marriage, deeds/records, schools |
| concurrent powers | held by authorities at both levels - levy/collect taxes, define crimes, run courts, improve land |
| police powers | create and enforce laws on health, safety, morals |
| categorical grant | (coupon) has strings (conditions for aid) - ex. Morrill-Land Grant Act |
| block grant | (gift card), typically more money given - ex. Comprehensive Employment and Training Act of 1973 (CETA) |
| funded/unfunded mandate | require states to follow a federal directive with or without reward - ex. Clean Air Act |
| fiscal federalism/revenue sharing | Congress distributing federal tax revenue to the states to take care of national issues - federal grant programs |
| devolution | return of power to the states |
| dual federalism (layer cake) | power clearly defined, still recognizes federal authority |
| cooperative federalism (marble cake) | federal and state gov'ts work together to regulate public policy, more equal authority |
| U.S. v. Lopez | Can Congress outlaw guns near schools under the commerce clause - no, ruled for Lopez, federal gov't can't charge him based on the commerce clause, revised Gun-Free School Zones Act to include commerce more |
| advantages of federalism | citizens have more involvement, states can make more specific policies and policies that just apply to them, policymaking in thorough |
| disadvantages of federalism | there are more conflicts on legality and fairness of state laws, policymaking takes a long time |
| dynamic federalism in the U.S. | dual to cooperative federalism |
| Federalist 51 | separation of powers, checks and balances |
| selective exclusiveness | Congress can only regulate commercial activity when the commodity requires a national uniform rule |
| Every Student Succeeds Act (ESSA) | 2015 - revised NCLB, kept student achievement standards (standardized testing), returned accountability mostly to the states |
| No Child Left Behind (NCLB) | 2002 - states held more accountable for student achievement (standardized testing) under federal supervision, very harsh --> changes |
| Race to the Top | incentives to schools meeting college and career readiness standards |
| USA PATRIOT ACT | 2001 - allowed gov't to share info on suspects, grand jury testimony and proceedings; widened authority on tapping phones and emails; detain illegal immigrants longer |
| Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act | 1996 - returned much of the authority and distribution of welfare dollars (ex. Medicaid) to the states |
| Clean Air Act | 1970 - improved air quality and decreased contaminants |
| Clean Water Act | 1972 - regulations on pollutants in water, monitors quality standards for surface water |
| Endangered Species Act | created National Fish and Wildlife Service to protect endangered species |
| Kyoto Protocol | 1997 - multinational agreement to reduce greenhouse gas emissions |
| Paris Agreement | 2015 - another climate agreement, Obama made the acceptance of the agreement an executive order |
| Controlled Substances Act | 1970 - federal drug policy - harsher punishment on marijuana, categorized heroin, cocaine, etc., and marijuana in the same category with no medical benefits |
| Elementary and Secondary Education Act | 1965 - federal funding offered to states if they met the requirements |
Created by:
izaruru
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