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Psychology Ch.5
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| state of being unable to move just after falling asleep or right before waking up | sleep paralysis |
| our subjective experience of the world, our bodies, and our mental perspectives | consciousness |
| cyclical changes that occur on a roughly 24-hour basis in many biological processes (hormone release, brain waves, body temperature) | circadian rhythm |
| term for the suprachiasmatic nucleus in the hypothalamus that's responsible for controlling our levels of alertness | biological clock |
| darting of the eyes underneath closed eyelids during sleep | rapid eye movements (REM) |
| stages 1 through 4 of the sleep cycle, during which rapid eye movements do not occur and dreaming is less frequent and vivid | non-REM sleep |
| light stage of sleep when our brain activity powers down by 50 percent or more. we may experience sudden jerks and are very confused | stage 1 sleep |
| stage of sleep in which our brain waves slow down even more, our heart rate slows, our body temp decreases, muscles relax, and eye movements cease (65% of our time) | stage 2 sleep |
| deep sleep, need it to feel fully rested in the morning | stage 3 and 4 sleep |
| REM sleep, stage in which the brain is most active and during which vivid dreaming most often occurs. increased heart rate and blood pressure | stage 5 sleep |
| experience of becoming aware that one is dreaming | lucid dreaming |
| difficulty falling and staying asleep | insomnia |
| disorder characterized by the rapid and often unexpected onset of sleep | narcolepsy |
| complete loss of muscle tone | cataplexy |
| disorder caused by a blockage of the airway during sleep, resulting in daytime fatigue | sleep apnea |
| sudden waking episodes characterized by screaming, perspiring, and confusion followed by a return to deep sleep | night terros |
| walking while fully asleep | sleepwalking |
| describes dreams as the guardians of sleep. Dreams reflect a repressed unconscious wish | Freud's Dream Protection |
| theory that dreams reflect inputs from brain activation originating in the pons, which the forebrain then attempts to weave into a story | activation-synthesis theory |
| theory that dreams are a meaningful product of our cognitive capacities, which shape what we dream about | neurocognitive theory |
| substance that contains chemicals similar to those found naturally in our brains that alter consciousness by changing chemical processes in neurons | psychoactive drugs |
| beliefs and expectancies about the effect of drugs | mental set |
| substances that change the way we think, feel, or act | drugs |
| occurs when you experience recurrent problems associated with the drug. | substance abuse |
| a more serious pattern of abuse leading to clinically significant impairement, distress, or both | substance dependence |
| unpleasant effects of reducing or stopping consumption of a drug that users had consumed habitually | withdrawal |
| dependence on a drug that occurs when people continue to take it to avoid withdrawal symptoms | physical dependence |
| dependence on a drug that occurs when continued use of a drug is motivated by intense cravings | psychological dependence |
| people consume alcohol and other drugs to relieve anxiety | tension reduction hypothesis |
| depressants | alcohol, sedatives (barbiturates); depress CNS; calming; sleep inducing |
| drug that increases activity in CNS including heart rate, respiration, and blood pressure | stimulant |
| stimulant | nicotine, tobacco, cocaine, and amphetamines |
| narcotics | pain reliever; opiates (heroin, morphine, codeine) |
| psychedelics | LSD, PCP, ecstasy; hallucinogenic; marijuana |
| theory that dreams reflect inputs from brain activation originating in the pons, which the forebrain then attempts to weave into a story | activation-synthesis theory |
| Hypothesis that there is continuity between sleeping and waking experiences and that dreams can mirror life circumstances | dream continuity hypothesis |
| sense of consciousness leaving our body | Out-of-body experience(OBE) |
| experience reported by people who've nearly died or thought they were going to die | Near-death experience(NDE) |
| strong feeling of familiarity regarding a new experience | deja vu |
| feelings of unity or oneness with the world, often with strong spiritual overtones | mystical experience |
| set of techniques that provide people with suggestions for alterations in their perceptions, thoughts, feelings, and behaviors | hypnosis |
| approach to explaining hypnosis based on people's attitudes, beliefs, expectations, and responsiveness to waking suggestions | sociocognitive theory |
| approach to explaining hypnosis based on a separation between personality functions that are normally well integrated | dissociation theory |
| Therapeutic approach that uses hypnosis to supposedly age-regress patients to a previous life to identify the source of a present-day problem | past-life regression therapy |
| reduction in the effect of a drug as a result of repeated use, requiring users to consumer greater quantities to achieve the same effect | Tolerance |
| causing dramatic alterations of perception, mood, and thought | hallucinogenic |
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