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Psychology Ch.6
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| change in an organism's behavior or thought as a result of experience | learning |
| process of responding less strongly over time to repeated stimuli | habituation |
| forming associations among stimuli - once we form these connections we only need one to retrieve the other | conditioning |
| accident | serendipity |
| form of learning in which animals come to respond to a previously neutral stimulus that had been paired with another stimulus that elicits an automatic response | classical conditioning |
| stimulus that elicits an automatic response | UCS unconditioned stimulus |
| automatic response to a non-neutral stimulus that does not need to be learned | UCR unconditioned response |
| response previously associated with a non-neutral stimulus that is elicited by a neutral stimulus through conditioning | CR conditioned response |
| initially neutral stimulus that comes to elicit a response due to association with an unconditioned stimulus | CS conditioned stimulus |
| learning phase during which a conditioned response is established | acquisition |
| gradual reduction and eventual elimination of the conditioned response after the conditioned stimulus is presented repeatedly without the unconditioned stimulus | extinction |
| sudden reemergence of an extinct conditioned response after a delay in exposure to the conditioned stimulus | spontaneous recovery |
| sudden reemergence of a conditioned response following extinction when an animal is returned to the environment in which the conditioned response was acquired | renewal effect |
| process by which conditioned stimuli similar, but not identical, to the original conditioned stimulus elicit a conditioned response | stimulus generalization |
| the more similar to the original CS the new CS is, the stronger the CR will be | generalization gradient |
| process by which organisms display a less pronounced conditioned response to conditioned stimuli that differ from the original conditioned stimulus | stimulus discrimination |
| developing a conditioned response to a conditioned stimulus by virtue of its association with another conditioned stimulus | higher-order conditioning |
| sexual attraction to nonliving things | fetishism |
| learning controlled by the consequences of the organism's behavior | operant conditioning |
| behavior produced by the animal to receive a reward | operants |
| principle asserting that if a stimulus followed by a behavior results in a reward, the stimulus is more likely to give rise to the behavior in the future | law of effect |
| grasping the underlying nature of a problem | insight |
| outcome of consequence of a behavior that strengthens the probability of the behavior | reinforcement |
| presentation of a stimulus that strengthens the probability of the behavior (praising a child) | positive reinforcement |
| removal of a stimulus that strengthens the probability of behavior (ending a child's time-out when he stops whining) | negative reinforcement |
| outcome or consequence of a behavior that weakens the probability of the behavior | punishment |
| administering a stimulus that the organism wishes to avoid (spanking) | positive punishment |
| the removal of a stimulus that the organism wishes to experience (taking away a toy) | negative punishment |
| stimulus associated with the presence of reinforcement(friend waves, know that as a signal to go over and chat) | discriminative stimulus |
| shortly after withdrawing the reinforcer the behavior initially increases in intensity | extinction burst |
| the pattern of reinforcing a behavior | schedules of reinforcement |
| reinforcing a behavior every time it occurs, resulting in faster learning but faster extinction | continuous reinforcement |
| only occasional reinforcement of a behavior, resulting in slower extinction and slower learning | partial reinforcement |
| pattern in which we provide reinforcement following a regular number of responses (punch cards at restaurants) | fixed-ratio (FR) |
| pattern in which we provide reinforcement for producing the response at least once following a specified time interval (get paid every 2 weeks) | fixed-interval (FI) |
| pattern in which we provide reinforcement after a specific number of responses on average, with the number varying randomly (shot machines) | variable-ratio (VR) |
| pattern in which we provide reinforcement for producing the response at least once during an average time interval, with the interval varying randomly (pop quizzes) | variable-interval (VI) |
| systems, often set up in psychiatric hospitals, for reinforcing appropriate behavior and extinguishing inappropriate ones | token economy |
| actions one hopes to make more frequent | target behaviors |
| neutral object that becomes associated with a primary reinforcer | secondary reinforcer |
| item or outcome that naturally increases the target behavior | primary reinforcer |
| theory we need both classical and operant conditioning to explain the persistence of anxiety disorders | two process theory |
| cell in the prefrontal cortex that becomes activated by specific motions when an animal both performs and observes that action | mirror neurons |
| difficulty in establishing classical conditioning to a conditioned stimulus we've repeatedly experienced alone, that is, without the unconditioned stiumulus | latent inhibition |
| small animal chamber constructed by Skinner to allow sustained periods of conditioning to be administered and behaviors to be recorded unsupervised | Skinner Box |
| Conditioning a target behavior by progressively reinforcing behaviors that come closer and closer to the target | Shaping |
| mental representation of how a physical space is organized | cognitive map |
| learning by watching others | observational learning |
| evolutionary predisposition to learn some pairings of feared stimuli over others owing to their survival value | preparedness |
| tendency for animals to return to innate behaviors following repeated reinforcement | instinctive drift |
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