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Brain
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| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Nervous system | The body's speedy, electrochemical communication network, consisting of all the nerve cells of the peripheral and central nervous systems. |
| Central nervous system (CNS) | The brain and spinal cord. |
| Peripheral nervous system (PNS) | The sensory and motor neurons that connect the central nervous system to the rest of the body. |
| Motor neurons | Neurons that carry outgoing information from the brain and spinal cord to the muscles and glands. |
| Interneurons | Neurons within the brain and spinal cord that communicate internally and intervene between the sensory inputs and motor outputs. |
| Somatic nervous system | The division of the peripheral nervous system that controls the body's skeletal muscles. |
| Reflex (AP: Reflex arc) | A simple, automatic response to a sensory stimulus, such as the knee-jerk response. |
| Hormones | Chemical messengers that are manufactured by the endocrine glands, travel through the bloodstream, and affect other tissues. |
| Adrenaline | A hormone that increases heart rate, blood pressure, and blood sugar levels, providing a burst of energy. |
| Pituitary gland | The endocrine system's most influential gland, under the influence of the hypothalamus, it regulates growth and controls other endocrine glands. |
| Ghrelin | A hunger-arousing hormone. |
| Melatonin | A hormone that regulates sleep-wake cycles. |
| Oxytocin | A hormone that influences social bonding and trust. |
| Electroencephalogram (EEG) | An amplified recording of the waves of electrical activity that sweep across the brain's surface. These waves are measured by electrodes placed on the scalp. |
| fMRI (functioning MRI) | A technique for revealing blood flow and, therefore, brain activity by comparing successive MRI scans. |
| Lesions | Tissue destruction; a brain lesion is a naturally or experimentally caused destruction of brain tissue. |
| Brain stem | The oldest part and central core of the brain, beginning where the spinal cord swells as it enters the skull; the brainstem is responsible for automatic survival functions. |
| Thalamus | The brain's sensory control center, located on top of the brainstem; it directs messages to the sensory receiving areas in the cortex and transmits replies to the cerebellum and medulla. |
| Reticular formation (AP: Reticular Activating System) | A nerve network in the brainstem that plays an important role in controlling arousal. |
| Limbic system | A doughnut-shaped system of neural structures at the border of the brainstem and cerebrum, associated with emotions such as fear, aggression, and drives for food and sex. It includes the hippocampus, amygdala, and hypothalamus. |
| Amygdala | Two lima bean-sized neural clusters in the limbic system; linked to emotion. |
| Hippocampus | A neural center located in the limbic system that helps process explicit memories for storage. |
| Cerebral cortex | The intricate fabric of interconnected neural cells covering the cerebral hemispheres; the body's ultimate control and information-processing center. |
| Frontal lobes | Portion of the cerebral cortex lying just behind the forehead; involved in speaking and muscle movements and in making plans and judgments. |
| Parietal lobes | Portion of the cerebral cortex lying at the top of the head and toward the rear; receives sensory input for touch and body position. |
| Occipital lobes | Portion of the cerebral cortex lying at the back of the head; includes areas that receive information from the visual fields. |
| Temporal lobes | Portion of the cerebral cortex lying roughly above the ears; includes the auditory areas, each receiving information primarily from the opposite ear. |
| Motor cortex | An area at the rear of the frontal lobes that controls voluntary movements. |
| Sensory cortex (AP: Somatosensory cortex) | Area at the front of the parietal lobes that registers and processes body touch and movement sensations. |
| Cortex specialization | The specialization of different areas of the cerebral cortex for particular functions. |
| Prefrontal cortex | The frontmost part of the frontal lobes, involved in planning and judgment. |
| Broca's area | Controls language expression; an area of the frontal lobe, usually in the left hemisphere, that directs the muscle movements involved in speech. |
| Wernicke's area | Controls language reception; a brain area involved in language comprehension and expression; usually in the left temporal lobe. |
| Neurogenesis (AP: Brain plasticity) | The formation of new neurons. |
| Corpus callosum | The large band of neural fibers connecting the two brain hemispheres and carrying messages between them. |
| Hemispheric specialization/Lateralization (AP: Contralateral hemispheric organization) | The idea that the left and right hemispheres of the brain are specialized for different functions. |
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