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S & P
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| the process by which our sensory receptors and nervous system receive and represent stimulus energies from our environment. | Sensation |
| sensory nerve endings that respond to stimuli. | Sensory receptors |
| the process by which our brain organizes and interprets sensory information, enabling us to recognize objects and events as meaningful. | Perception |
| information processing that begins with the sensory receptors and works up to the brain’s integration of sensory information. | Bottom-up processing |
| information processing guided by higher-level mental processes, as when we construct perceptions drawing on our experience and expectations. | Top-down processing |
| conversion of one form of energy into another. In sensation, the transforming of physical energy, such as sights, sounds, and smells, into neural impulses the brain can interpret. | Transduction |
| the study of relationships between the physical characteristics of stimuli, such as their intensity, and our psychological experience of them. | Psychophysics |
| the minimum stimulus energy needed to detect a particular stimulus 50 percent of the time. | Absolute threshold |
| a theory predicting how and when we detect the presence of a faint stimulus (signal) amid background stimulation (noise); assumes there is no single absolute threshold, detection depends on a person’s experience, expectations, motivation, and alertness. | Signal detection theory |
| below one’s absolute threshold for conscious awareness. | Subliminal |
| the activation, often unconsciously, of certain associations, thus predisposing one’s perception, memory, or response. | Priming |
| the minimum difference between two stimuli required for detection 50 percent of the time. We experience the difference threshold as a just noticeable difference (jnd). | Difference threshold |
| the principle that, to be perceived as different, two stimuli must differ by a constant minimum percentage (rather than a constant amount). | Weber's law |
| diminished sensitivity as a consequence of constant stimulation. | Sensory adaptation |
| the distance from the peak of one light wave or sound wave to the peak of the next. Electromagnetic wavelengths vary from the short gamma waves to the long pulses of radio transmission. | Wavelength |
| the dimension of color that is determined by the wavelength of light; what we know as the color names blue, green, and so forth. | Hue |
| the amount of energy in a light wave or sound wave, which influences what we perceive as brightness or loudness. Intensity is determined by the wave’s amplitude (height). | Intensity |
| the eye’s clear, protective outer layer, covering the pupil and iris. | Cornea |
| the adjustable opening in the center of the eye through which light enters. | Pupil |
| a ring of muscle tissue that forms the colored portion of the eye around the pupil and controls the size of the pupil opening. | Iris |
| the transparent structure behind the pupil that changes shape to help focus images on the retina. | Lens |
| the light-sensitive back inner surface of the eye, containing the receptor rods and cones plus layers of neurons that begin the processing of visual information. | Retina |
Created by:
mlberndt
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