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Psychology Ch.7
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| visual sensory memory - last for a second and are then gone forever | iconic memory |
| the span of short-term memory: seven plus or minus two pieces of information | magic number |
| organizing information into meaningful groupings, allowing us to extend the span of short-term memory | chunking |
| repeating information to extend the duration of retention in short-term memory | rehearsal |
| repeating stimuli in their original form to retain them in short-term memory (repeating a phone number) | maintenance rehearsal |
| linking stimuli to each other in meaningful ways to improve retention of information in short-term memory | elaborative rehearsal |
| our knowledge of facts about the world | semantic memory |
| our ability to identify a stimulus more easily or more quickly after we've encountered similar stimuli | priming |
| organized knowledge structure or mental model that we've stored in memory | schema |
| reactivation or reconstruction of experiences from our memory stores | retrival |
| phenomenon of remembering something better when the conditions under which we retrieve information are similar to the conditions under which we encoded it | encoding specificity |
| superior retrieval of memories when the external context of the original memories matches the retrieval context | context dependent learning |
| superior retrieval of memories when the organism is in the same physiological of psychological state as it was during encoding (alcoholics who say they need to get drunk to remember where they put something) | state dependent learning |
| our current psychological state can distort memories of our past | retrospective bias |
| knowledge about our memory abilities and limitations | meta-memory skills |
| the inability of adults to retrieve accurate memories before an early age | infantile amnesia |
| emotional memories that are extraordinarily vivid and detailed | flashbulb memories |
| capture the idea that many seeming flashbulb memories are false | phantom flashbulb memory |
| lack of clarity about the origin of a memory (remembering a phrase but not who said it) | source monitoring confusion |
| failure to recognize that our ideas originated with someone else | cryptomnesia |
| procedure that encourages patients to recall memories that may or may not have taken place | suggestive memory techniques |
| claim that patients repress their memories of traumatic events and then recover them years or decades later | memory recovery therapists |
| seven sins of memory: | suggestibility, misattribution, bias, transience, persistence, blocking, absentmindedness |
| Memory is both adaptive and prone to errors. | Paradox of Memory |
| Extraordinary ability to recall detailed life events. | Hyperthymestic Syndrome |
| Task to calculate dates in the past or future, assessing memory or cognitive function. | Calendar calculator |
| The number of items that can be remembered and recalled at once. | Span |
| How long information can be retained in memory. | Duration |
| Memory task where two unrelated items are learned together, and one is used to recall the other. | Paired-associate task |
| Encoding based on appearance, leading to shallow memory. | Levels of processing (Visual) |
| Encoding based on sound, leading to intermediate memory. | Levels of processing (Phonological) |
| Encoding based on meaning, leading to deeper memory. | levels of processing (Semantic) |
| People remember the beginning (primacy) and end (recency) of a list better than the middle. | Serial position curve |
| Memory is worse for the person directly before or after their turn in a group setting. | Next-in-line effect |
| The physical memory trace in the brain. | Engram |
| Witnesses focus on a weapon during a crime, impairing memory of other details. | Weapon focus effect |
| A false memory created by misleading information or suggestions. | Implanted memory |
| Mental framework for understanding sequences of events (e.g., dining at a restaurant). | Script |
| Clive Wearing Henry Molaison (“H.M.”) | Notable memory figures |
| Groups of neurons that store information or memories. | Assemblies |
| A drug that reduces emotional intensity of memories, used in PTSD treatment. | Propanalol |
| Decline in cognitive abilities, affecting daily life. | Dementia |
| Progressive disorder causing memory loss and confusion due to brain changes. | Alzheimer’s Disease |
| A therapeutic technique using mental images to aid relaxation or recovery. | Guided imagery |
| Imagining an event makes it more likely to be falsely remembered. | Imagination inflation |
| Memory distortion caused by exposure to incorrect information. | Misinformation effect |
| Strengthening of synaptic connections, believed to be a mechanism for learning and memory. | Long-term potentiation |
| A neurotransmitter involved in memory and learning processes. | Glutamate |
| a device such as a pattern of letters, ideas, or associations that assists in remembering something | Mnemonic |
| A memory aid where you associate new information with a pre-established set of "peg" words (e.g., one is a bun, two is a shoe) and link the new information to these words in a visual or verbal way. | Pegword method |
| memory technique where you mentally place information along a familiar path or location (like walking through your house), associating each item with a specific location to help recall them later. | Method of loci |
| Involves linking a foreign word to a familiar word (the keyword) that sounds similar, and then creating a visual image that connects the meaning of the foreign word to the keyword. | Keyword method |
| Using music or rhythm (like songs or melodies) to aid in memorization by setting information to a familiar tune or rhythm, making it easier to recall. | Music as a mnemonic |
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