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exam 2
lifespan development
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| assimilation consists of using existing _______ | schemes |
| A child who knows dogs are four-legged animals may see a cat and call it a dog, fitting the new animal into their current understanding. this is an example of what? | assimilation |
| accommodation consists of _________ schemes | modifying |
| A child who initially calls a cat a dog will learn to adjust their thinking and create a new category for cats, realizing that not all four-legged animals are dogs. this is an example of what? | accommodation |
| what is the main issue in the sensorimotor stage? | object permanence |
| in the preoperational stage, __________ ________ refers to the quality of a stimulus that makes it stand out and capture attention due to its prominent sensory features | perceptual salience |
| in the preoperational stage, ___________ is where a child moves away from a one-dimensional or self-centered way of thinking and begins to consider multiple aspects or perspectives of a situation | decentration |
| in the preoperational stage, ____________ is the ability to understand that objects or numbers can be changed and then returned to their original state | reversibility |
| in the preoperational stage, _______________ ______ refers to the ability to understand the process of change from one state to another | transformational thought |
| during the ________ ____________ stage, children should be able to decenter, apply reversibility, grasp the concept of class inclusion, and do transformational thoughts | concrete operational |
| in the concrete operational stage, _________ is the ability to arrange objects in a logical order based on a particular characteristic | seriation |
| in the concrete operational stage, __________ is the ability to understand the relationship between elements in an order | transivity |
| children should be able to use hypothetical-deductive reasoning in which stage? | formal operational |
| in which stage is abstract thinking observed? | formal operational |
| A child may focus on a brightly colored toy in a room full of muted colors, which affects their choice of play. The toy’s vividness makes it more noticeable and attractive compared to other less salient objects. this is an example of __________ ________ | perceptual salience |
| ____________ is the understanding that certain properties of objects remain the same despite changes in their form or appearance | conservation |
| A child who pours juice from a short, wide cup into a tall, narrow cup may believe the amount of juice has changed, not realizing that the volume remains the same. this is an example of what? | conservation |
| __________ is the cognitive tendency to focus on one aspect of a situation while neglecting other important features. | centration |
| A child may only focus on the height of a liquid in a glass, ignoring its width. When asked if the amount of juice changes when poured from a wide glass to a tall one, they might say it has changed, demonstrating __________ | centration |
| ________ _____ refers to the belief that one’s experiences and feelings are unique and not understood by others | personal fable |
| A teenager might think that no one else can possibly understand the intensity of their emotions during a breakup, leading them to believe that they are somehow special or different from their peers. this is an example of a ________ _____ | personal fable |
| _________ ________ is the belief that others are as focused on and concerned about an individual’s behavior and appearance as they are | imaginary audience |
| A teenager might feel extremely anxious about their outfit or the way they speak in class, convinced that everyone is scrutinizing them, even if that’s not the case. this is an example of an ________ ________ | imaginary audience |
| what refers to the difference between what a learner can do independently and what they can achieve with guidance and support. | zone of proximal development |
| A child can solve simple math problems on their own but struggles with more complex ones. With the help of a teacher or peer, they can learn to tackle these more challenging problems. this is an example of the ___ | zone of proximal development (ZPD) |
| according to vygotsky’s sociocultural perspective, cognitive growth occurs in a _____________ context | sociocultural |
| ______ ___________ is a process where a more knowledgeable individual helps a learner engage in activities within their zone of proximal development (ZPD) | guided participation |
| A parent cooking with a child might guide them in measuring ingredients, allowing the child to participate actively while receiving support. this is an example of what? | guided participation |
| _______ ________ is the initial stage of memory where sensory information is briefly stored for a fraction of a second before being processed further. | sensory register |
| When a person sees a bright flash of light, that visual information is momentarily held in the _______ ________ | sensory register |
| _____-____ memory is a temporary storage system that holds a limited amount of information for a brief period, typically around 20 to 30 seconds. | short-term |
| When someone gives you a phone number and you repeat it mentally until you can write it down, you’re using _____-____ memory | short-term |
| _______ memory is a cognitive system that temporarily holds and manipulates information for complex tasks such as learning, reasoning, and comprehension. | working |
| When solving a math problem, you might hold the numbers in your mind while performing calculations, using _______ memory to keep track of the steps involved | working |
| ____-____ memory is a storage system that holds vast amounts of information for extended periods, ranging from hours to a lifetime. | long-term |
| Remembering your childhood friend’s name or recalling facts learned in school involves ____-____ memory | long-term |
| ____ ______ is a memory retrieval process where a person is prompted with cues or hints to help recall previously learned information. | cued recall |
| If you studied for a test using flashcards and later see a flashcard with a question, the question serves as a cue to help you remember the answer. this is an example of ____ ______ | cued recall |
| ______ is the process of retrieving information from memory without any cues or prompts | recall |
| When you take a quiz and write down everything you remember about a topic from memory, you are using ______ | recall |
| ___________ is the process of identifying previously learned information when presented with it again. | recognition |
| ________ ______ is a type of long-term memory that influences thoughts and behaviors without conscious awareness. | implicit memory |
| Riding a bike is an example of ________ memory | implicit |
| ________ memory is a type of long-term memory that involves conscious recall of facts and events | explicit |
| Remembering your first day of school or recalling historical dates for a test are instances of ________ memory | explicit |
| _________ _______ _________ are cognitive functions that help manage and regulate thoughts, actions, and emotions, enabling goal-directed behavior. | executive control processes |
| Memory ______ refers to a structured framework that guides the recall of specific events or experiences, often including details about the context and sequence of actions. | script |
| A child might have a memory ______ for birthday parties, which includes elements like cake, singing, and opening gifts | script |
| _______ _________'s intelligence theory proposes the concept of g-factor, or general intelligence, which suggests that intelligence is a single, underlying ability that influences performance across various cognitive tasks | charles spearman |
| _______ & ____'s intelligence theory distinguishes between two types of intelligence: fluid intelligence and crystallized intelligence | cattell and horn |
| _____ intelligence refers to the ability to solve novel problems and think abstractly, independent of prior knowledge | fluid |
| ___________ intelligence involves knowledge gained from experience and education, such as vocabulary and factual knowledge, which tends to increase with age. | crystalized |
| ______ _______'s intelligence theory, known as the Theory of Multiple Intelligences, proposes that individuals possess various types of intelligence that reflect different ways of processing information | howard gardner |
| ______________ refers to the process by which a task becomes automatic through practice and repetition, requiring less conscious thought and effort over time. | automatization |
| Learning to drive a car involves a lot of conscious effort initially, but with practice, actions like steering, accelerating, and braking become automatic, allowing the driver to focus on other aspects of driving. this is an example of what? | automatization |
| ______ ___ is a measure of an individual's cognitive ability compared to the average cognitive abilities of individuals of various ages | mental age |
| The ______ _____ of Infant Development is a standardized assessment tool used to evaluate the developmental progress of infants and toddlers, typically from 1 month to 42 months old. | bayley scale |
| The __________-_______ __________ posits that the longer a child experiences environmental disadvantages the more pronounced their developmental deficits become over time | cumulative-deficit hypothesis |
| Intellectually deficient refers to individuals with an IQ score below what? | 70 |
| gifted individuals have an IQ score above what? | 130 |
| _________ thinking involves generating multiple, unique solutions to a problem | divergent |
| When brainstorming ideas for a new product, _________ thinking allows a team to come up with various ideas to select one | divergent |
| Imagine a baby around 6-8 months old who starts babbling. They might produce sounds like "ba-ba" or "da-da." At this stage, they are experimenting with the sounds of their native language, which is a part of ____________ development | phonological |
| Consider a young child learning to speak. Around the age of 2/3, they begin to use plurals and verb tenses correctly. A child might say, "I have two cats," correctly applying the plural "s" to "cat." what language stage are they most likely in? | morphology |
| As children develop language skills, they progress from simple one- or two-word utterances to more complex sentences. This is an example of ______ | syntax |
| A preschooler learns that the word "dog" refers not just to their pet but to all dogs, as they encounter different breeds and contexts. This illustrates _________ | semantics |
| A child might say "Can I have a cookie?" when they actually mean "I want a cookie." As they develop, they learn to adjust their requests, like using polite language with adults and more casual language with friends. what is this an example of? | pragmatics |
| A toddler may say "I love you" with a cheerful tone when playing but use a softer, slower tone when upset. This change in intonation helps convey their feelings and the context of the message. this is an example of _______ | prosody |
| At around 6 to 8 weeks old, a baby might make sounds like "oo" and "ah" while lying in a crib, expressing contentment and beginning to explore vocalization. the use of these sounds are known as what? | cooing |
| Around 4 to 6 months old, a baby might make sounds like "ba-ba" or "da-da," experimenting with their vocal cords and practicing speech sounds before forming actual words. what is this an example of? | babbling |
| A 7-month-old infant hears the phrase "Look at the dog!" Over time, they learn to segment the sounds and recognize "dog" as a distinct word, helping them understand and communicate about objects in their environment. this is an example of what? | word segmentation |
| If a child hears, "The duck is gorping the frog," they might use the verb "gorping" in a sentence where it’s associated with an action involving two animals, helping them infer that "gorping" likely describes an action. this is an example of _______ _____ | synaptic bootstrapping |
| The ________ __________ ______ is a concept proposed by Chomsky, suggesting that humans are born with an innate ability to acquire language | language acquisition device |
| ____-_______ refers to an individual's perception and understanding of themselves | self-concept |
| ____-______ refers to an individual's overall sense of self-worth or personal value | self-esteem |
| ____-___________ is the ability to identify oneself as an individual, separate from others | self-recognition |
| A toddler who touches a mark on their forehead while looking in a mirror demonstrates ____-___________, showing they understand the reflection is themselves. | self-recognition |
| a child with what kind of temperament is generally cheerful, adaptable, and has regular routines. | easy |
| children with what kinds of temperament is often fussy, irritable, and has irregular routines. | difficult |
| the perception of oneself is known as what? | self-concept |
| the evaluation of oneself is known as what? | self-esteem |
| what are the big 5 personality traits? | extraversion, agreeableness, openness to experience, conscientiousness, and neuroticism |
| self-recognition typically develops in children around ages __-__ months | 15-24 |
| A 17 month old who notices a smudge on their face in the mirror and tries to wipe it off shows they recognize the reflection as themselves. this is an example of what? | self-recognition |
| what are the three emotional reactions of tempermants? | surgency/extraversion, negative affectivity, effortful control |
| ____-___________ ___________ refers to the progression of how individuals describe themselves over time. | self-description development |
| in self-description development, a child might say, "I have brown hair and like to play." what stage of childhood is this child most likely in? | early childhood |
| in self-description development, a child might describe themselves using comparisons, like "I'm good at soccer." what stage of childhood is this child most likely in? | middle childhood |
| in self-description development, a child might describe themselves with abstract traits, such as, "I'm responsible and care about fairness." what stage of childhood is this child most likely in? | adolescense |
| what are the four identity statuses? | identity diffusion, identity moratorium, identity foreclosure, and identity achievement |
| which identity status includes no exploration or commitment to an identity? | identity diffusion |
| which identity status includes commitment without exploration, often following others' expectations? | identity foreclosure |
| which identity status includes an active exploration of different identities without yet making a commitment? | identity moratorium |
| in which identity status might a person make a committed decision about their identity? | identity achievement |
| what are the 3 ways aging adults find life to be satisfying? | maintaining previous lifestyles and activity levels, continuing old activities, and finding substitutes |
| the _____________ theory suggests that as people age, they naturally withdraw from social roles and activities, which is viewed as a mutual process between the individual and society. | disengagement |
| An older adult retires from work and reduces involvement in social groups, which may be seen as a way of transitioning out of active societal roles. this is an example of what theory? | disengagement theory |
| gender ________ refers to an individual's internal sense of being male, female, or somewhere on the gender spectrum, which may or may not align with their biological sex. | identity |
| A person assigned female at birth might identify as male, female, both, or neither, reflecting their gender ________, which may differ from societal expectations based on physical traits. | identity |
| gender ___________ refers to the tendency for children to prefer interacting with peers of the same gender during play, social activities, and friendships, which often begins in early childhood. | segregation |
| In a playground, boys might group together to play soccer, while girls may gather to play with dolls, reflecting gender ___________ in their activities. | segregation |
| gender ______ refers to the process by which children learn the behaviors, interests, and roles considered appropriate for their gender according to cultural and societal norms. | typing |
| A child learns that playing with trucks is considered "for boys" and playing with dolls is considered "for girls" based on feedback from adults and peers, shaping their preferences and behavior to fit these gender expectations. this is an example of what? | gender typing |
| gender _______________ refers to the increased pressure adolescents experience to conform to traditional gender roles and expectations as they go through puberty. | intensification |
| During adolescence, boys may feel pressured to act more assertively, while girls may feel compelled to be more nurturing or appearance-conscious. this is an example of gender _______________ | intensification |
| gender _____ are societal norms that dictate how individuals of different genders should behave, based on cultural and social expectations. | roles |
| In many cultures, men are expected to be providers and assertive, while women are often seen as caregivers and nurturing. this is an example of gender _____ | roles |
| ___________ refers to traits associated with warmth, caring, and connection, often aligned with traditional feminine roles. It emphasizes relationships and nurturing behavior. | communality |
| ______ involves traits related to independence, assertiveness, and control, typically associated with traditional masculine roles. It emphasizes self-efficacy and goal-oriented behavior. | agency |
| the ______ ____ hypothesis suggests that perceived differences in behavior between genders arise from the social roles assigned to men and women. | social role |
| according to the social learning theory, ____________ _____________ occurs when behaviors are encouraged or discouraged based on the consequences they bring, influencing whether a behavior is repeated. | differential reinforcement |
| according to the social learning theory, ____________ ________ involves learning by watching others, imitating their behaviors, and observing the rewards or punishments they receive, which informs the observer's own actions. | observational learning |
| the _________ theory emphasizes the role of mental processes in understanding behavior. | cognitive |
| the ______ ________ theory posits that children learn and internalize the cultural expectations of gender roles through cognitive frameworks known as schemas. | gender schemata |
| A child might prefer toys associated with their gender schema, like dolls for girls and trucks for boys, based on societal expectations. this is an example of the ______ ________ theory | gender schemata |
| the _________ theory combines biological and social factors to explain gender differences in behavior and roles. | biosocial |
| Hormonal differences might predispose boys to be more active, while societal norms encourage them to engage in competitive play, reinforcing these behaviors. this is an example of the _________ theory | biosocial |
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