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Upper respiratory infection (URI)
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What types of colds are antibiotics effective against?
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HSII Chpt. 4
Pulmonology diseases, treatments, drugs
| Upper respiratory infection (URI) | A bacterial or viral infection of the upper respiratory tract; a head cold. |
| What types of colds are antibiotics effective against? | Bacterial colds, but not against viral colds. |
| How are colds spread? | Contact with a patient or by inhalation of particles. |
| Asthma | Hyperreactivity of the bronchi or bronchioles to an allergen or inhaled substances. Causes inflammation, excess mucus production, and bronchospasm. |
| Status asthmaticus (AKA. Acute severe asthma) | A prolonged, life-threatening asthma attack. |
| Bronchitis | Acute or chronic infection or inflammation of the bronchi. - Acute bronchitis is due to infection. - Chronic infection is due to smoking or pollution. |
| Bronchiectasis | Permanent enlargement and loss of elasticity in the bronchioles; allows secretions to accumulate. |
| Reactive airway disease | Blanket term for conditions with reversible airway narrowing and wheezing. |
| Abnormal breath sounds | Lung sounds that are different from normal and may indicate a lung disease or condition. |
| Lung sounds: Normal | Sounds like: Soft wind through a tunnel |
| Lung sounds: Pleural friction rub | Sounds like: Creaking or grating, due to inflammation of pleura |
| Lung sounds: Crackles | Sounds like: Irregular crackling or bubbling, due to fluid or infection in the alveoli |
| Lung sounds: Rhonchi | Sounds like: Humming, whistling, or snoring, due to mucus or foreign body obstruction |
| Lung sounds: Stridor | Sounds like: High-pitched crowing, due to edema or obstruction |
| Lung sounds: Wheezes | Sounds like: High-pitched whistling or squeaking, due to asthma attack or reaction |
| Adult respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) | Serious lung condition caused by severe infection, burns, or lung injury; damaged alveoli fill with fluid and collapse. |
| Atelectasis | Collapse of all or part of the lung. atel/o- = incomplete -ectasis = condition of dilation |
| Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) | Any type of chronic obstructive lung disease, including chronic bronchitis and emphysema. Characterized by chronic inflammation, severe coughing, SOB, and sputum production. Alveolar hyperinflation leads to barrel chest. |
| Cystic fibrosis (CF) | Inherited condition caused by a recessive gene; causes problems with respiratory, digestive, and sweat secretions. Mucus is secreted too thick and blocks alveoli. Constant coughing & bronchiectasis Frequent lung infection & lack of O2 are chronic. |
| Empyema | Localized pus in the lung due to a bacterial infection. |
| Influenza | Respiratory infection caused by a virus. Mild forms cause fever, muscle ache, and cough for several days. Severe forms can be life threatening. |
| Legionnaires' disease | Severe, sometimes fatal bacterial infection; starts with flulike symptoms and progresses to severe pneumonia and liver and kidney degradation. |
| Lung cancer | Most common among smokers when tar deposits in the lungs become cancerous and spread. - Adenocarcinoma - Bronchogenic carcinoma - Large and small cell carcinoma |
| Occupational lung diseases | Group of disease caused by constant workplace exposure to inhaled particles. - Anthracosis (Anthrax) - Asbestosis (Asbestos) - Pneumoconiosis (Dusts like coal dust) |
| Pneumonia | Infection of lobes of the lungs; fluid, white blood cells, and microorganisms fill passages. |
| Types of pneumonia | Bacterial, Viral, Double, Aspiration, Bronchopneumonia, Lobar, Panlobar, Pneumococcal, Pneumocystis, jiroveci, Walking, pneumonia |
| Pulmonary edema | Build up of fluid in the alveoli caused by left-sided heart failure, chest wall trauma, or pneumonia. |
| Pulmonary embolism | Traveling clot or fat globule that lodges in the lung, blocking blood flow and causing SOB; often occurs in patients on bedrest. |
| Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) | Severe, communicable viral illness that can be fatal; associated with close contact and enclosed spaces. |
| Tuberculosis (TB) | Communicable disease that is caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Causes nodules (tubercules) in the lungs. Waxy coating makes bacterium resistant. Treated with a 9-month course of drugs. |
| Hemothorax | Blood in the thoracic cavity, usually due to trauma. hem/o- = blood -thorax = chest, thorax |
| Pleural effusion | Accumulation of excess fluid in the pleural space due to inflammation or infection. |
| Pleurisy | Inflammation or infection of the pleura that causes the two pleural layers to rub against one another and create a pleural friction rub. |
| Pneumothorax | Air in the pleural space that causes the lung to collapse; usually the result of penetrating trauma. |
| Apnea | Absence of spontaneous respiration due to respiratory failure or arrest. - In infants, it may be due to an immature CNS. - In middle-aged adults, it may cause obstructive sleep apnea. |
| Bradypnea | Abnormally slow rate of breathing due to brain damage or chemical imbalance in the blood. brady- = slow |
| Cough | Protective mechanism to forcefully expel things from the lungs. Expectoration is coughing up sputum. Hemoptysis is coughing up sputum that contains blood. |
| Dyspnea | Abnormal, difficult, labored, or painful breathing. Dyspnea on exertion occurs during activity in patients with lung disease. Paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea occurs when fluid builds up in the lungs at night while supine. |
| Orthopnea | Difficulty breathing when lying supine; patient sleeps sitting up or semi-upright. |
| Tachypnea | Abnormally fast rate of breathing due to lung disease. tachy- = fast |
| Anoxia | Complete lack or severely decreased level of oxygen in arterial blood and body tissues. an- = without ox/o- = oxygen -ia = condition |
| Asphyxia | Abnormally high level of carbon dioxide and an abnormally low level of oxygen in the blood. |
| Cyanosis | Bluish-gray skin due to a low level of oxygen and a high level of carbon dioxide in the blood. |
| Hypercapnia | Very high level of carbon dioxide in arterial blood. |
| Hypoxemia | Very low level of oxygen in arterial blood. |
| Arterial blood gases (ABGs) | Blood test to measure the oxygen and carbon dioxide in a sample of arterial blood. |
| Carboxyhemoglobin | Blood test to measure the amount of carbon monoxide in blood; usually done for patients exposed to fire or fumes. |
| Oximetry | Noninvasive test to measure oxygen saturation of the blood; oximeter emits light waves that reflect off of hemoglobin. |
| Pulmonary function test (PFT) | Breathing test to measure the volume of air that can be forcefully inhaled or exhaled. |
| Sleep study | Procedure to determine whether a patient has obstructive sleep apnea; uses sensors to measure movement, breathing, and oxygen level. |
| Sputum culture and sensitivity (C&S) | Lab test to identify which bacterium is causing lung infection and the antibiotic sensitivity. |
| Tuberculosis test | Tests that show whether a person has been exposed to tuberculosis. Tine Mantoux Acid-fast bacillus Xpert sputum |
| Chest radiography | X-ray of the chest. - Anteroposterior - Posteroanterior - Lateral |
| CT scans; MRI scans | Tomography scans that take many images in small slices to provide detailed picture of lung structure. CT = uses x-rays MRI = uses magnetic field |
| Lung scan | Procedure in which radioactive air is inhaled and radioactive drug is injected to identify areas of poor gas uptake and poor perfusion in the lungs. |
| Auscultation and percussion (A&P) | Assessment of lung health in which breath sounds are listened to with a stethoscope as the back is tapped with fingertips. |
| Cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) | Procedure to help someone who has stopped breathing and whose heart is not beating. Mouth-to-mouth resuscitation = providing air to the lungs Chest compressions = forcing blood through the heart |
| Chest percussion therapy | Procedure in which the back is percussed or vibrated to help loosen mucus. |
| Endotracheal intubation | Insertion of an endotracheal tube into the mouth, through the vocal cords, and into the trachea to establish an airway or provide oxygen. |
| Incentive spirometry | Procedure to encourage deep breathing in patients post surgery using a measuring device. |
| Nebulizer treatment | Procedure in which medication is aerosolized for deep inhalation. |
| Oxygen therapy | Provision of additional oxygen to patients with lung disease; may use a nasal cannula, oxygen mask, or oxygen hood. |
| Antibiotics | Treat bacterial infections of the respiratory tract. |
| Antituberculars | Antibiotic drugs used only to treat tuberculosis; more than one must be administered for 9 months. |
| Antitussives | Suppress cough centers in the brain for patients with nonproductive cough. |
| Antivirals | Treat influenza in at-risk patients; also used to treat pneumonia. |
| Bronchodilators | Relax smooth muscle around bronchi to dilate bronchi. |
| Corticosteroids | Block immune response that causes inflammation in the lungs. |
| Expectorants | Reduce the thickness of sputum so it can be coughed up and out of the chest. |
| Leukotriene receptor blockers | Block the substance leukotriene, which causes inflammation and edema in patients with asthma. |
| Mast cell stabilizers | Prevent release of histamine from mast cells to prevent bronchospasm in patients with asthma. |
| Smoking cessation drugs | Bind to nicotine receptors and provide a gradually decreasing does of nicotine until a patient no longer need nicotine. |
| Bronchoscopy | Insertion of a lighted bronchoscope through the mouth and larynx to examine the trachea and bronchi; attachments may be added to the scope. |
| Chest tube insertion | Placement of a plastic tube in the thoracic cavity to remove air, fluid, or blood that has accumulated due to trauma or infection. |
| Lung resection | Surgery to remove all or part of the lung; may be done for cancer biopsy or to treat emphysema. - Wedge resection - Segmental resection - Lobectomy - Pneumonectomy |
| Thoracentesis | Needle inserted into the thoracic cavity to remove fluid from the pleural space; done to treat pleural effusion or obtain fluid samples. thorac/o- = chest, thorax -centesis = procedure to puncture |
| Thoracotomy | Incision into the thoracic cavity; the first step in any thorax or lung procedure. |
| Tracheostomy | Opening into the trachea and insertion of a plastic tube to provide temporary or permanent access to the lungs for patients needing respiratory support; often called a “trach.” |
Created by:
Tea Lad
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