Pulmonology diseases, treatments, drugs
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| Upper respiratory infection (URI) | A bacterial or viral infection of the upper respiratory tract; a head cold.
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| What types of colds are antibiotics effective against? | Bacterial colds, but not against viral colds.
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| How are colds spread? | Contact with a patient or by inhalation of particles.
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| Asthma | Hyperreactivity of the bronchi or bronchioles to an allergen or inhaled substances. Causes inflammation, excess mucus production, and bronchospasm.
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| Status asthmaticus (AKA. Acute severe asthma) | A prolonged, life-threatening asthma attack.
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| Bronchitis | Acute or chronic infection or inflammation of the bronchi.
- Acute bronchitis is due to infection.
- Chronic infection is due to smoking or pollution.
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| Bronchiectasis | Permanent enlargement and loss of elasticity in the bronchioles; allows secretions to accumulate.
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| Reactive airway disease | Blanket term for conditions with reversible airway narrowing and wheezing.
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| Abnormal breath sounds | Lung sounds that are different from normal and may indicate a lung disease or condition.
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| Lung sounds: Normal | Sounds like: Soft wind through a tunnel
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| Lung sounds: Pleural friction rub | Sounds like: Creaking or grating, due to inflammation of pleura
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| Lung sounds: Crackles | Sounds like: Irregular crackling or bubbling, due to fluid or infection in the alveoli
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| Lung sounds: Rhonchi | Sounds like: Humming, whistling, or snoring, due to mucus or foreign body obstruction
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| Lung sounds: Stridor | Sounds like: High-pitched crowing, due to edema or obstruction
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| Lung sounds: Wheezes | Sounds like: High-pitched whistling or squeaking, due to asthma attack or reaction
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| Adult respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) | Serious lung condition caused by severe infection, burns, or lung injury; damaged alveoli fill with fluid and collapse.
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| Atelectasis | Collapse of all or part of the lung.
atel/o- = incomplete
-ectasis = condition of dilation
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| Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) | Any type of chronic obstructive lung disease, including chronic bronchitis and emphysema.
Characterized by chronic inflammation, severe coughing, SOB, and sputum production.
Alveolar hyperinflation leads to barrel chest.
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| Cystic fibrosis (CF) | Inherited condition caused by a recessive gene; causes problems with respiratory, digestive, and sweat secretions.
Mucus is secreted too thick and blocks alveoli.
Constant coughing & bronchiectasis
Frequent lung infection & lack of O2 are chronic.
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| Empyema | Localized pus in the lung due to a bacterial infection.
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| Influenza | Respiratory infection caused by a virus.
Mild forms cause fever, muscle ache, and cough for several days.
Severe forms can be life threatening.
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| Legionnaires' disease | Severe, sometimes fatal bacterial infection; starts with flulike symptoms and progresses to severe pneumonia and liver and kidney degradation.
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| Lung cancer | Most common among smokers when tar deposits in the lungs become cancerous and spread.
- Adenocarcinoma
- Bronchogenic carcinoma
- Large and small cell carcinoma
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| Occupational lung diseases | Group of disease caused by constant workplace exposure to inhaled particles.
- Anthracosis (Anthrax)
- Asbestosis (Asbestos)
- Pneumoconiosis (Dusts like coal dust)
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| Pneumonia | Infection of lobes of the lungs; fluid, white blood cells, and microorganisms fill passages.
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| Types of pneumonia | Bacterial, Viral, Double, Aspiration, Bronchopneumonia, Lobar, Panlobar, Pneumococcal, Pneumocystis, jiroveci, Walking, pneumonia
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| Pulmonary edema | Build up of fluid in the alveoli caused by left-sided heart failure, chest wall trauma, or pneumonia.
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| Pulmonary embolism | Traveling clot or fat globule that lodges in the lung, blocking blood flow and causing SOB; often occurs in patients on bedrest.
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| Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) | Severe, communicable viral illness that can be fatal; associated with close contact and enclosed spaces.
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| Tuberculosis (TB) | Communicable disease that is caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
Causes nodules (tubercules) in the lungs.
Waxy coating makes bacterium resistant.
Treated with a 9-month course of drugs.
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| Hemothorax | Blood in the thoracic cavity, usually due to trauma.
hem/o- = blood
-thorax = chest, thorax
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| Pleural effusion | Accumulation of excess fluid in the pleural space due to inflammation or infection.
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| Pleurisy | Inflammation or infection of the pleura that causes the two pleural layers to rub against one another and create a pleural friction rub.
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| Pneumothorax | Air in the pleural space that causes the lung to collapse; usually the result of penetrating trauma.
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| Apnea | Absence of spontaneous respiration due to respiratory failure or arrest.
- In infants, it may be due to an immature CNS.
- In middle-aged adults, it may cause obstructive sleep apnea.
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| Bradypnea | Abnormally slow rate of breathing due to brain damage or chemical imbalance in the blood.
brady- = slow
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| Cough | Protective mechanism to forcefully expel things from the lungs.
Expectoration is coughing up sputum.
Hemoptysis is coughing up sputum that contains blood.
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| Dyspnea | Abnormal, difficult, labored, or painful breathing.
Dyspnea on exertion occurs during activity in patients with lung disease.
Paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea occurs when fluid builds up in the lungs at night while supine.
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| Orthopnea | Difficulty breathing when lying supine; patient sleeps sitting up or semi-upright.
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| Tachypnea | Abnormally fast rate of breathing due to lung disease.
tachy- = fast
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| Anoxia | Complete lack or severely decreased level of oxygen in arterial blood and body tissues.
an- = without
ox/o- = oxygen
-ia = condition
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| Asphyxia | Abnormally high level of carbon dioxide and an abnormally low level of oxygen in the blood.
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| Cyanosis | Bluish-gray skin due to a low level of oxygen and a high level of carbon dioxide in the blood.
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| Hypercapnia | Very high level of carbon dioxide in arterial blood.
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| Hypoxemia | Very low level of oxygen in arterial blood.
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| Arterial blood gases (ABGs) | Blood test to measure the oxygen and carbon dioxide in a sample of arterial blood.
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| Carboxyhemoglobin | Blood test to measure the amount of carbon monoxide in blood; usually done for patients exposed to fire or fumes.
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| Oximetry | Noninvasive test to measure oxygen saturation of the blood; oximeter emits light waves that reflect off of hemoglobin.
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| Pulmonary function test (PFT) | Breathing test to measure the volume of air that can be forcefully inhaled or exhaled.
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| Sleep study | Procedure to determine whether a patient has obstructive sleep apnea; uses sensors to measure movement, breathing, and oxygen level.
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| Sputum culture and sensitivity (C&S) | Lab test to identify which bacterium is causing lung infection and the antibiotic sensitivity.
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| Tuberculosis test | Tests that show whether a person has been exposed to tuberculosis.
Tine
Mantoux
Acid-fast bacillus
Xpert sputum
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| Chest radiography | X-ray of the chest.
- Anteroposterior
- Posteroanterior
- Lateral
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| CT scans; MRI scans | Tomography scans that take many images in small slices to provide detailed picture of lung structure.
CT = uses x-rays
MRI = uses magnetic field
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| Lung scan | Procedure in which radioactive air is inhaled and radioactive drug is injected to identify areas of poor gas uptake and poor perfusion in the lungs.
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| Auscultation and percussion (A&P) | Assessment of lung health in which breath sounds are listened to with a stethoscope as the back is tapped with fingertips.
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| Cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) | Procedure to help someone who has stopped breathing and whose heart is not beating.
Mouth-to-mouth resuscitation = providing air to the lungs
Chest compressions = forcing blood through the heart
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| Chest percussion therapy | Procedure in which the back is percussed or vibrated to help loosen mucus.
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| Endotracheal intubation | Insertion of an endotracheal tube into the mouth, through the vocal cords, and into the trachea to establish an airway or provide oxygen.
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| Incentive spirometry | Procedure to encourage deep breathing in patients post surgery using a measuring device.
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| Nebulizer treatment | Procedure in which medication is aerosolized for deep inhalation.
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| Oxygen therapy | Provision of additional oxygen to patients with lung disease; may use a nasal cannula, oxygen mask, or oxygen hood.
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| Antibiotics | Treat bacterial infections of the respiratory tract.
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| Antituberculars | Antibiotic drugs used only to treat tuberculosis; more than one must be administered for 9 months.
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| Antitussives | Suppress cough centers in the brain for patients with nonproductive cough.
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| Antivirals | Treat influenza in at-risk patients; also used to treat pneumonia.
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| Bronchodilators | Relax smooth muscle around bronchi to dilate bronchi.
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| Corticosteroids | Block immune response that causes inflammation in the lungs.
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| Expectorants | Reduce the thickness of sputum so it can be coughed up and out of the chest.
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| Leukotriene receptor blockers | Block the substance leukotriene, which causes inflammation and edema in patients with asthma.
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| Mast cell stabilizers | Prevent release of histamine from mast cells to prevent bronchospasm in patients with asthma.
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| Smoking cessation drugs | Bind to nicotine receptors and provide a gradually decreasing does of nicotine until a patient no longer need nicotine.
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| Bronchoscopy | Insertion of a lighted bronchoscope through the mouth and larynx to examine the trachea and bronchi; attachments may be added to the scope.
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| Chest tube insertion | Placement of a plastic tube in the thoracic cavity to remove air, fluid, or blood that has accumulated due to trauma or infection.
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| Lung resection | Surgery to remove all or part of the lung; may be done for cancer biopsy or to treat emphysema.
- Wedge resection
- Segmental resection
- Lobectomy
- Pneumonectomy
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| Thoracentesis | Needle inserted into the thoracic cavity to remove fluid from the pleural space; done to treat pleural effusion or obtain fluid samples.
thorac/o- = chest, thorax
-centesis = procedure to puncture
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| Thoracotomy | Incision into the thoracic cavity; the first step in any thorax or lung procedure.
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| Tracheostomy | Opening into the trachea and insertion of a plastic tube to provide temporary or permanent access to the lungs for patients needing respiratory support; often called a “trach.”
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